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the research topic, the preparation, the characterization, and photocatalytic experiments. AB, AA, and MA wrote the manuscript. HK provided important suggestions on the draft manuscript. All Sclareol authors examined and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background In the past decades, lanthanide (Ln)-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted considerable attentions in the area of solar cells, detection of

heavy metal in effluent and biomedical engineering including molecular imaging, targeted therapy and diagnosis all over the world due to their distinctive chemical and optical properties [1–4]. The unnatural UC behavior, converting near-infrared radiation (typically 980 nm) to high-energy emissions, has many unique advantages in biology field, including auto-fluorescence minimization, large anti-stokes shifts and penetrating depth, narrow emission peaks, and none-blinking [1, 2, 5]. However, conventional downconversion (DC) emission, such as quantum dots (QDs), has some intrinsic limitations including inherent toxicity and chemical instability in the bio-system despite of their tunable size-dependent emission and high quantum yields [6, 7]. The choice of the host material is a key factor for achieving efficient UC luminescence. Among all of the studied UC host materials such as oxides, fluorides, and vanadates, Ln-doped fluorides (NaLnF4) are considered to be the most efficient host matrices for UC emission due to its low phonon energy, which decreases the non-radiative relaxation probability and results in more efficient UC click here emissions [8]. Especially, a lot of research has focused on the study of NaYF4[7–12].