enterocolitica strains in Finland are rather susceptible to antimicrobials. For instance,

all of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains were isolated from patients who had been infected while on vacation in Spain or Brazil, countries TPCA-1 in vitro where multiresistant Y. enterocolitica strains have been described previously [16, 25, 26]. The multiresistant strains belonged to certain PFGE pulsotypes, which were not found among susceptible strains. This is perhaps due to the DNA of the resistance plasmid. The MLVA types were so varied that no hint of the origin of the strains could be obtained on that basis. In the outbreak that occurred in Kotka, the patients had not been abroad before falling ill. However, the antimicrobial multiresistance of the outbreak strain nevertheless suggests that the strain originated from abroad. Spanish iceberg lettuce, at least, had been used in the cafeteria. In 2005 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, with a resistance profile identical to that detected now for the Y. enterocolitica outbreak strain, was KU55933 ic50 isolated in an outbreak situation

in Finland and traced to iceberg lettuce imported from Spain [32]. The resistance of Y. enterocolitica to NAL is based on point mutations in the fluoroquinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA [26, 33]. In our study, the strains resistant to NAL had amino acid changes stemming from point mutations in the gyrA gene: i.e., either Fluorouracil ic50 Ser83Arg, Asp87Tyr, or Asp87Asn. Two of these mutations are identical to those reported previously for fluoroquinolone-resistant Y. enterocolitica strains [33]. Conjugation experiments confirmed that in Y. enterocolitica, the antibiotic resistance to CHL, STR, and SUL, at least,

is encoded on a large conjugative plasmid and can easily be transferred to a susceptible Y. enterocolitica strain. Conjugative plasmids that carry antibiotic resistance genes have been isolated from a variety of clinical strains, but {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| reports of this for Y. enterocolitica are rare. Hundreds of different antibiotic resistance cassettes have been identified as residing on mobile resistance integrons [34]; owing to the cassette nature of the resistance genes, they can easily change the resistance repertoire. In fact, one of the outbreak strains in our study had altered antimicrobial resistance and lacked resistance to TET. A study on the persistence of TET-resistant E. coli in colonic microbiota observed that three out of 13 strains lost TET resistance during intestinal colonization [35]. Conclusions MLVA was less labor-intensive than PFGE and the results were easier to analyze, especially because they were independent of subjective interpretation. PFGE can still be useful for surveillance of the sources and transmission routes of sporadic Y. enterocolitica strains in future. However, for outbreak investigations, MLVA offers a powerful tool for the discrimination of Y. enterocolitica strains. More sporadic and outbreak Y.