, 2007). These baseline hemodynamic signatures have a significant impact on the interpretation of activated functional networks associated with different sensory, attentive, or cognitive states (Greicius Akt inhibitor et al., 2009; Honey et al., 2009; Biswal et al., 2010; Deco et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2009). The link between resting-state metrics and anatomical connectivity has largely been supported by modeling of areal correlations with known interareal connection

patterns (Fox et al., 2005, 2006; Honey et al., 2007; Vincent et al., 2007; Luczak et al., 2009; Schölvinck et al., 2010; Deco and Jirsa, 2012); however, this relationship has not been examined directly with studies of anatomical connectivity (Matsui et al., 2011). The neuronal basis of the resting state is also uncertain. Although hemodynamics-based

networks have been associated with widespread low-frequency correlations in local field potentials (Arieli et al., Roxadustat supplier 1996; Cohen and Kohn, 2011, Kenet et al., 2003), there is little evidence that resting-state connectivity is related to underlying neuronal connectivity. Moreover, as resting-state studies have focused on broad cortico-cortical networks, little attention has been paid to resting-state connectivity patterns at finer local cortical scales. In this study, we seek to establish the relationship between anatomical connectivity, functional neuronal connectivity, and local resting-state connectivity patterns revealed by fMRI. Our testbed for this study is the connectivity pattern of digit-tip representations not in the somatosensory cortex (areas 3b and 1) of squirrel monkeys, an area central to manual

behavior in monkeys and amenable to study with fMRI and electrophysiological and anatomical connectivity techniques. This multimodal approach aims to establish an understanding of local (at the millimeter scale) baseline networks revealed by resting-state connectivity and, furthermore, provide evidence to support a local to global hierarchy of resting states within the brain. Resting-state functional connectivity patterns of digit-tip representations in primary somatosensory cortex (SI) were examined in 11 squirrel monkeys (one case is shown in Figures 1A, 1B, and 1D–1F). Under isoflurane anesthesia, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) maps of digit activation (Figure 1B) and the resting-state acquisitions (static probe touching digit-tip skin; Figures 1D–1F) were recorded using a 9.4T Varian MRI scanner. Seed locations (Figures 1A and 1B, open blue squares) were selected based on fMRI and/or electrophysiological maps of areas 3b and 1 (Figure 1A); using surface vasculature as landmarks (arrowheads), these maps were readily coregistered to the maps acquired by MRI (cf. Chen et al., 2007).