, 2008). In contrast, no genetic variation was apparent in the Trichomonas sequences obtained from isolates causing morbidity in mortality in passerines in the UK ( Robinson et al., 2010). Of particular interest is the finding of the T. vaginalis-like organism in the owl. Gerhold et al. (2008) found these sequences associated with white-winged doves in Arizona, Texas and California.
Although similar white-winged doves are not found high throughput screening in Brazil, picazuro Pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro) are common. It would be useful to survey and sequence positive trichomonad isolates from picazuro pigeons to determine if they contain similar sequence identity to the T. vaginalis-like isolate from this study. One sequence, from a green-winged saltator with inflammatory and necrotic lesions in the liver, was 100% identical to a Simplicomonas sp. sequence that caused hepatitis-associated mortality in a backyard chicken in Georgia (USA) ( Lollis et al., 2011). Given that the saltators were confiscated during attempts to smuggle birds into other states or countries, the illegal trade market may explain the appearance of the Simplicomonas sp. in the United States. Further surveillance and molecular genotyping of illegally and legally traded birds is needed to determine the transmission risk of novel
protozoal infections in native wild birds and domestic poultry. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Simplicomonas sp. causing disease in a free ranging bird. Small molecule library mouse This study was supported by
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). “
“Mixed infections by dipteran larvae and helminthes are quite common in ruminants. Sheep are frequently parasitized simultaneously by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and by Oestrus ovis larvae. These parasite infections stimulate immune mechanisms of defense that can be mediate by antibodies or cells, but the efficiency of this immune response depends on the animal genotype, age, gender, physiological status, prior exposure to the pathogen, capacity to recall the antigen, health and nutritional status, parasite and the infection stage ( Colditz, Rolziracetam 2008). Proinflammatory immune reactions are characteristic of O. ovis infection and involve the recruitment of cells (mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes) and the secretion of immunoglobulins, suggesting a type Th2 immune response ( Angulo-Valadez et al., 2011) that is similar to the immune response against gastrointestinal parasitism by nematodes ( Anthony et al., 2007 and Rowe et al., 2008). Studies of the relationship between O. ovis and helminth co-infections have revealed that there are antagonist interactions between O. ovis larvae and the Strongyle nematodes, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Haemonchus contortus ( Yacob et al., 2004 and Terefe et al., 2005).