These results indicate that the face areas in the STS do not exclusively respond to faces, consistent with previous literature in humans and monkeys (Bell et al., 2009, Haxby et al., 2001, Ishai et al., 1999, Pinsk et al., 2005 and Tsao et al., 2003). Because STS neurons respond selectively to different categories, including faces and other objects (Logothetis and Sheinberg, 1996 and Zangenehpour and Chaudhuri, 2005), we also examined the object selectivity in the STS by selleck products comparing

the response to each of the nonface categories to the other three categories. By using the same criteria as for face-selective regions, we found that fruit evoked higher BOLD responses than the other categories in several brain regions across all subjects (Figure 3 and Table S1). Fruit-selective activation was found in V3, the posterior STS (TEO), and anterior STS (IPa). Fruit-selective activation in the DNA Damage inhibitor STS was located at AP 12 to 20 and AP –5 to –1, just posterior to the face-selective patches. The distribution of house- and fractal-selective voxels was not

consistent across animals, which suggests that only biologically relevant objects such as faces and fruit evoke sufficiently strong and clustered functional activation in the monkey temporal cortex. Although many electrophysiological studies have shown face- and object-selective cells in the anterior temporal pole in macaques (i.e., area TGa, the area around the anterior medial temporal sulcus [AMTS], and the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices; Nakamura and Kubota, 1996) and fMRI activation has been shown in monkeys (Logothetis et al., 1999 and Tsao et al., 2003) and humans (Kriegeskorte et al., 2007 and Rotshtein et al., 2005), face-selective BOLD signals are not always strong or reproducible in this region (Rajimehr et al., 2009).

This is probably due to signal loss caused by the strong susceptibility gradients in the ventral temporal lobe. The susceptibility artifacts from the ear canal can potentially obscure face-selective areas in the ventral temporal lobe in both humans and monkeys. Hence, a goal of the present study was Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease to examine whether there are possibly additional face-selective areas in this region. By using our SE fMRI protocol, we found multiple face-selective areas in the ventral temporal cortex and MTL in both awake monkeys (Figure 4 and Figure S2). We considered an area face selective if it was significantly activated in four or all five animals (see Table 1); although activation was often bilateral, bilateral activation was not required for inclusion. We found face-selective areas around the AMTS (labeled AMTS) at AP 17–21 (Figure 4B), which for four animals was localized in TEav, and for one at the border of TEav and TEad.