, 1980; Lang et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2007). These findings imply that the absence of an ipsilateral inhibitory response with weak TMS reflected the failure of CC neurons to Atezolizumab be excited, even though crossed CST neurons were excited. This notion is consistent with previous findings demonstrating that the threshold to induce TCI was higher than the RMT for contralateral MEPs (Ferbert et al., 1992; Trompetto et al., 2004). The stability of bimanual cyclic movement with different coordination conditions has been expressed by dynamic pattern theory, such as the Haken–Kelso–Bunz model (Haken et al., 1985; Schöner

& Kelso, 1988). Based on this model, the phase shift between left and right cycles critically affects the stability of bimanual action. However,

INK 128 nmr the bistable characteristic can be observed at low frequency; the bimanual action is stable at both in-phase and 180° out-of-phase. In the present study, the participants performed the symmetric and asymmetric force tracking tasks with almost equivalent accuracy, although synchrony of the left–right tracking trajectory was slightly lower during the asymmetric condition. This suggests that performance degradation due to bimanual constraint in the asymmetric force coordination was relatively low and was compensated for by the strategy of bimanual regulation, which was different from that in the symmetric condition. On the basis of this context, it may be that the observed modulation of TCI was due to an aspect of neural organization necessary for implementing a motor strategy to evade the constraints imposed on bimanual actions. As previous studies demonstrated, a lack of transcallosal communication leads to either deterioration (Serrien et al., 2001; Kennerley et al., 2002) or improvement (Franz et al., Montelukast Sodium 1996; Eliassen et al., 1999; Diedrichsen et al., 2003) in bimanual task performance according to the respective requirement for spatiotemporal coordination. That is, the functional importance of transcallosal neural communication depends on whether the coordination of left- and right-sided movements is required. In support

of this, we recently observed that TCI modulation was influenced by the coordination requirement of left and right hands during a bimanual task (T. Tazoe, S. Sasada & T. Komiyama, unpublished observation). Following this line, as our experiment was not designed to manipulate the required coordination between the symmetric and asymmetric conditions, two different interpretations may be possible for our findings of TCI modulation. One is that, during the asymmetric condition, the inhibitory effect between the motor cortices decreased, uncovering the excitatory interhemispheric neural communication. The CC is reported to have both excitatory and inhibitory transcallosal circuits (Asanuma & Okuda, 1962; Ugawa et al., 1993; Hanajima et al., 2001; Bäumer et al., 2006).