, 2010). In conclusion, our present results show that a single administration of ZEA may cause deleterious effects on the male reproductive system, and suggest that GST activity may be a potential target to attenuate ZEA reproductive toxicity. Research supported by FAPERGS (grants #10/0685-8 and #11/1630-1). Luiz Fernando Freire Royes and Lucian Del Fabbro are http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gdc-0068.html the recipients of CNPq fellowships. Silvana Peterini Boeira is the recipient of a CAPES fellowship. Carlos Borges Filho is the recipient of FAPERGS

fellowships. “
“Among the venomous fish found in Brazil, the scorpionfish Scorpaena plumieri, a member of the Scorpaenidae family, is considered one of the most dangerous ( Figueiredo and Menezes, 1980; Carvalho-Filho, 1999). The venomous secretion of this fish is mainly proteic in nature ( Carrijo et al., 2005) and it is produced by specialized tissues located around the fin spines ( Smith and Wheeler, 2006). Like other venomous fish, scorpionfish use their venom for defensive purposes and human envenomation

occurs accidentally when swimmers or fishermen mishandle or step on the spines of the dorsal fin. The envenomation may incapacitate temporarily the victim, since it is Gefitinib characterized by a highly complex pathophysiological scenario (Haddad Jr., 2000). It includes an extensive local inflammatory response, with persistent edema, intense and irradiant pain, erythema, occasional skin necrosis and systemic effects (nausea, vomiting, agitation, malaise, sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, arrhythmias). Despite

the pain and edema are the most conspicuous symptoms observed in patients wounded by S. plumieri, there is still little information about the inflammatory response triggered. The treatment protocol of scorpionfish victims is only palliative and symptomatic: some of the local effects are alleviated by immersing the affected member in warm water and administrating anesthetics or analgesics, BCKDHB resulting in slight decrease of the symptoms ( Haddad Jr. et al., 2003; Haddad Jr., 2000). The local inflammatory reaction evoked by other Brazilian venomous fish has been characterized experimentally: freshwater stingrays of Potamotrygon genus induce edematogenic and nociceptive responses, which were associated with increased vascular permeability and increased leukocyte rolling and adherent cells to the endothelium ( Magalhães et al., 2006); the injection of Cathorops spixii crude venom (catfish) in mice is able to evoke peritonitis characterized by release of IL-6, MPC-1 and KC and a lipid inflammatory mediator, LTB4 ( Junqueira et al., 2007); the venom of estuarine toadfish Thalassophryne nattereri induces a prominent edema formation associated with release of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( Lima et al., 2003).