ACE genotypes were distributed as follows: DD was present in 16 (50%), ID in 12 (37.5%) and II in four (12.5%) PCOS patients, and DD in seven (22.6%), ID in 20 (64.5%)

and II in four (12.9%) of healthy subjects. The frequency of D and I alleles were found in 69% and 31% of the PCOS group and 55% and 45% in the control group, respectively. There were no significant differences regarding the genotypic distribution and allelic frequency between the groups. However the ACE DD genotype was significantly associated with serum insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR measurement (both P = 0.005). ACE DD genotype is associated with an increased insulin resistance in women with PCOS. (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study screened FOXO3 coding regions find more for mutations in a sample of 114 Chinese women with premature ovarian failure and discovered six novel single-nucleotide

FAK inhibitor variants: c.71C>A (p.Pro24His), c.140C>T (p.Pro47Leu), c.184G>A (p.Asp62Asn), c.1652C>T (p.Ser551Phe), c.1697C>G (p.Gly566Ala) and c.1185G>A (silent). The nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants, c.71C>A (p.Pro24His), c.140C>T (p.Pro47Leu), c.184G>A (p.Asp62Asn), c.1652C>T (p.Ser551Phe) and c.1697C>G (p.Gly566Ala), were not detected in any of 100 controls. These missense mutations might cause abnormal oocyte apoptosis and primordial follicle activation, thereby adversely affecting early follicle depletion in the ovary. (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) concentration is nearly always used to predict pregnancy but there is little data on the clinical utility of the ratio of HCG(21)/HCG(14) combined with double measurement of serum HCG. A total of 1762 cycles were retrospectively analysed for serum HCG concentration and ratio of HCG(21)/HCG(14) on days 14 and 21 after embryo transfer to determine whether the ratio combined with concentration is the optimal predictor of pregnancy. The medians of HCG concentration on days 14 and 21 combined with the ratio of HCG(21)/HCG(14) see more were

calculated for non-viable, viable and heterotopic pregnancies. HCG concentrations of 290 IU/l on day 14 and 2970 IU/l on day 21 were regarded as the cut-off values to predict viable pregnancy, and values of 630 and 12,000 IU/l, respectively, were regarded as the cut-off values to predict multiple pregnancy. The ratio of HCG(21)/HCG(14) in the viable pregnancy group was significantly higher than that in the non-viable pregnancy group (15.86 versus 5.27, P < 0.0001). For heterotopic pregnancy, the ratio of HCG(21)/HCG(14) was 11.93. It was concluded that HCG concentration on days 14 and 21 combined with the ratio of HCG(21)/HCG(14) provides a useful predictor of pregnancy outcome. A ratio >15 may predict viable pregnancy.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Furlow palatoplasty in treatment of submucous cleft palate cases presented with VPI.

Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 15 children with symptomatic submucous cleft palate. All click here cases were treated by Furlow double opposing Z-plasty technique for repositioning of levator muscles, preoperative

and postoperative speech evaluation was done using auditory perceptual assessment and nasometry, while velopharyngeal closure was assessed with flexible nasopharyngoscopy.

Results: Significant improvement of speech and overall nasalance score were achieved. Flexible nasopharyngoscopy showed complete velopharyngeal closure of 13 cases (86.7%), while one case needed secondary pharyngoplasty

for correction of residual VPI and the parents of the other case refused secondary surgery as the speech improvement of their child was satisfactory.

Conclusions: Furlow palatoplasty technique is an effective method in treatment of VPI in cases of submucous cleft palate as it has high success rate with no morbidity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of reviewThe imprinted NVP-BSK805 in vivo human 11p15.5 region encompasses two imprinted domains important for the control of fetal growth: the H19/IGF2 domain in the telomeric region and the KCNQ1OT1/CDKN1C domain in the centromeric region. These two domains are differentially methylated and each is regulated by its own imprinting control region (ICR): ICR1 in the telomeric region and ICR2 in the centromeric region. Aberrant methylation of the 11p15.5 imprinted region, through genetic or epigenetic mechanisms, leads to two clinical syndromes, with opposite growth phenotypes: Russell-Silver Syndrome (RSS; with severe

fetal and postnatal growth retardation) and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS; an overgrowth syndrome).Recent findingsIn this review, we discuss the recently identified molecular abnormalities at 11p15.5 involved in RSS and BWS, which have led to the identification of cis-acting elements and trans-acting regulatory factors involved in the regulation of imprinting in this region. We also discuss the multilocus imprinting disorders identified in various human syndromes, their clinical LB-100 datasheet outcomes and their impact on commonly identified metabolism disorders.SummaryThese new findings and progress in this field will have direct consequence for diagnostic and predictive tools, risk assessment and genetic counseling for these syndromes.”
“The late removal of an abdominal aortic endograft is technically challenging and can be associated with significant blood loss, especially when a graft with active suprarenal fixation is involved. The main issue in safe explantation of the endograft is control of the aorta above the proximal fixation site. We report an adjunctive technique for the safe and fast proximal control of the suprarenal aorta using an aortic balloon.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3536788]“
“The phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of the aqueous extract of Cassia arereh stem-bark were evaluated. The extract was subjected to qualitative chemical screening of active chemical constituents and disc diffusion method was performed to determine the antimicrobial properties. The results revealed the presence of tannins, phlobatannins, carbohydrate, saponin, flvonoids, terpenes and steroids while anthraquinones, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were not detected. The extracts (100, 200, 400 and 800

mg/ml) inhibited the GSK1904529A in vivo growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aerogenosa and Enterobacter species. However, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium pyogenes and Candida albicans were resistant. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 50 mg/ml for S. aureus and B. subtilis, and 100 mg/ml for P. aeurogenosa. It was concluded that the aqueous see more extract of C. arereh stem-bark contained active principles having antibacterial properties and thus support the folkloric use of the plant.”
“A poly(acrylamide) (PAM) aqueous dispersion with high solid was successfully synthesized

through two-phase polymerization of acrylamide (AM) in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) solution. To prepare stable PAM aqueous dispersion, the effects of initiator, monomer and PEG concentration on the stability of the aqueous two-phase polymerization system were investigated in detail. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was ABT-263 applied to study the evolution of the size and size distribution of the aqueous PAM droplet in the initial stage of polymerization. A droplet aggregation period was found in the initial stage, in which the PAM coagulum is easy to be generated below the conversion of about 5% due to high polymerization rate. By analyzing the effects of PEG on the stability of this polymerization system, it was found that

PEG plays both precipitant and stabilizer role. When PEG concentration ranges from 12 to 24%, increasing its use would pro-mote the droplet stabilization; however, when PEG concentration exceeds 28%, increasing its use may accelerate the droplet formation which does not further favor the droplet stabilization. Furthermore, the viscosity evolution during the polymerization under various reaction conditions was determined by rotational viscometer on line. When monomer concentration exceeded 8%, increasing the initiator or monomer concentration would result in that the polymer produced in the continuous phase could not be separated in time due to the high viscosity. All these results demonstrated that the slower the polymerization rate is, the more stable PAM aqueous dispersion will be. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

IFD incidence was found to be significant while receiving itraconazole prophylaxis compared with no prophylaxis (0.027 vs. 0.053 IFD/patient-years; P < 0.01). Median

age at IFD diagnosis was 6.5 years (3.3-11.3). The most common fungal genus was Aspergillus sp. accounting for 40% of all IFDs. Of the IFDs, 42.5% were proven, 30.0% probable, and 27.5% possible. Of all IFD episodes, 52.5% were treated by antifungal monotherapy, mostly by amphotericin B. Survival was reduced in IFD patients compared with those without it (log-rank = 0.04).

Conclusions: IFDs are a frequent and life-threatening complication in CGD patients. Itraconazole significantly www.selleckchem.com/products/JNJ-26481585.html reduces its incidence and should be recommended in absence of better alternatives.”
“In shoot cultures of Thymus daenensis, hyperhydricity syndrome promoted by benzyladenine (BA) is characterised by the development of chlorophyll-deficient shoots with a high water content and reduced growth that is less differentiated. By removing the BA from the culture medium, the hyperhydricity was reversed, and the reversion toward a normal growth in vitro was more efficient in shoots treated with 5 mu M of salicylic acid (SA), showing a significant increase in chlorophyll b after 4 weeks of culture. In STA-9090 inhibitor the present study, the effect of salicylic acid on the reversion

of shoot hyperhydricity was investigated at the level of the free, soluble and insoluble conjugated polyamine content. In T daenensis micropropagated shoots, the level of polyamines was high, with a predominance of putrescine. BA, which triggered hyperhydricity, caused a reduction of the polyamine (PA) content by one-half due to a decrease in the putrescine content and insoluble conjugated PAs that were not detected in the hyperhydric shoots. In the reverted shoots, changes of the free polyamines, spermidine and, more notably, spermine, were shown.

The spermine content doubled after 4 weeks of culture, and its amount was the same as that found in normal shoots, suggesting that free spermine could be particularly involved in the reversion of hyperhydricity. In the SA-reverted tissues, the PA pattern was marked with a transient increase of free putrescine, spermidine and spermine and an enhancement of soluble conjugated spermine. This transitory SA-dependent amplification of PAs was concomitant with a remarkable transient increase of H2O2, suggesting SNS-032 mouse that SA may be implicated in PA signalling pathways for tissue differentiation during the reversion of hyperhydricity in T daenensis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and the thermoelectric power in (Ni1-xCux)Mn2O4 (x = 0 to 0.5) and Ni(Mn2-yCuy)O-4 (y = 0 to 0.2) are investigated. The electrical resistivity of samples with x < 0.1 appears to be hardly changed with increasing Cu content. In all of the samples, the electron transfer is thermally activated and shows semiconducting behavior.

This article reviews the impact of surgical skills, surgical approaches, intraoperative vasal fluid characteristics and the length of obstructive interval BKM120 purchase on VP. Based on the best available evidence, the rate of patency

is related to the operative frequency of the surgeons, with better results obtained by surgeons who perform the operations at least 10 times annually. Microsurgical vasovasostomy is the preferred technique for durable good results. One-layer vasovasostomy and two-layer vasovasostomy seem to be equal with regard to VP. The rate of patency following vasovasostomy in the convoluted vas and vasovasostomy in the straight vas is comparable. The patency rate is high in men with clear intraoperative vasal fluid in at least one vas. VP is still high among patients with a long obstructive interval. In conclusion, surgical skills and intraoperative vasal fluid characteristics are the most important predictors of VP. Postoperative semen quality and the age of the female partner determine the chance of spontaneous conception in these couples.”
“The wood powder of Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) was liquefied

in phenol, with H(2)SO(4) and HCl as a catalyst. The liquefied wood was used to prepare the liquefied wood-based novolak phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins by reacting with formalin. Furthermore, novolak PF resins were mixed with wood flour, hexamethylenetetramine, zinc stearate as filler, curing agent, and lubricating agent, respectively, and hot-pressed under 180 or 200

degrees C for 5 or 10 min to manufacture moldings. The results showed that click here physicomechanical selleck products properties of moldings were influenced by the hot-pressing condition. The molding made with hot-pressing temperature of 200 degrees C for 10 min had a higher curing degree, dimensional stability, and internal bonding strength. The thermal analysis indicated that using a hot-pressing temperature of 180 degrees C was not sufficient for the liquefied wood-based novolak PF resins to completely cure. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 12571263, 2009″
“Plant cuticles are broadly composed of two major components: polymeric cutin and a mixture of waxes, which infiltrate the cutin matrix and also accumulate on the surface, forming an epicuticular layer. Although cuticles are thought to play a number of important physiological roles, with the most important being to restrict water loss from aerial plant organs, the relative contributions of cutin and waxes to cuticle function are still not well understood. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits provide an attractive experimental system to address this question as, unlike other model plants such as Arabidopsis, they have a relatively thick astomatous cuticle, providing a poreless uniform material that is easy to isolate and handle.

The green upconversion emissions around 525 and 545 nm originated from the thermalized H-2(11/2) and S-4(3/2) levels were studied when the glass structure changes to glass ceramic during irradiation with a laser beam. Power dependence of the fluorescence intensity ratio was used to determine the temperature of the irradiated zone. The transition from glass to glass ceramic takes place under FRAX597 chemical structure 2300

mW of laser power with an estimated temperature around 783 K. This result agrees with the one obtained in the samples devitrified under conventional furnace treatment. Therefore, the estimation of the temperature of the irradiated zone through the fluorescence intensity ratio method allows a controlled devitrification. Moreover, an irradiated line has been written in the glass showing an important diffusion

of the Pb2+ and F- ions. These results confirm that nanocrystals have been created due to the laser action. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3504857]“
“PURPOSE: To determine the role of anterior capsule polishing in residual lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation.

SETTING: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

METHODS: Phacoemulsification was performed on pairs of human cadaver eyes. One eye of each pair had anterior capsule polishing; the fellow eye did not. Capsular bags with implanted intraocular lenses (IOLs) were incubated in culture. Specimens were observed and photographed under microscopy. For clinical comparison, both eyes of patients PKC412 purchase who had phacoemulsification and IOL implantation with anterior capsule polishing in 1 eye only were observed for 1 year postoperatively.

RESULTS: The study comprised 10 pairs of cadaver eyes and 20 eyes of 10 patients. One day after surgery, large patches of cells remained under the anterior capsule and the equatorial zone in the unpolished cadaver eyes and the anterior capsule was clear in the polished eyes. By 3 days in culture, many patches of dead cells had formed in the unpolished eyes. After 7 days in culture, cell growth was minimal in

the unpolished eyes; however, robust cell proliferation was observed in the polished eyes. In the clinical comparison, there was no obvious signaling pathway difference in the mean subjectively assessed fibrotic posterior capsule opacification (PCO) score between polished eyes and unpolished eyes at 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS: Anterior capsule polishing, although it removed many LECs, did not decrease residual cell growth and, conversely, enhanced cell proliferation in capsular bag cultures. This might explain why polishing does not reduce PCO in clinical studies.”
“A novel inorganic compound, aluminum hypophosphite (AP), was synthesized successfully and applied as a flame retardant to glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (GF-PA6).

These features explain why an appropriate choice of the experimental conditions in which the deposition process is carried out leads to better quality films, providing helpful indications to improve control over the growth process of both

La(1-x)D(x)MnO(3-delta) and other perovskitic oxides. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3467770]“
“Homogeneous grafting of styrene onto cellulose was carried out in a dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride solvent system. The grafted products were added to cellulose/polystyrene (PS) blends as compatibilizers. The thermal decomposition behavior of the blends was investigated by thermogravimetry. The thermal stability of the blends decreased with an increase in grafted product content. The crystallinity of the blends decreased with grafted product content. The microphase-separated structures of the blends became click here finer with grafted product content. JNK-IN-8 The glass transition temperatures for cellulose and PS in the blends were lowered with grafted product content. Differences in thermal decomposition behavior of the blends were correlated with compatibility. Thermogravimetry was effective for compatibility estimation in cellulose/PS blends containing grafted products. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 2482-2487,

2010″
“Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is commonly associated with facial malformations. We present a case of semilobar HPE associated with distal limb defect which was detected at 12 weeks of gestation.

The fetus had a crown-rump length of 60 mm (12 weeks-4 days), had nuchal translucency thickness of 1.5 mm. Initial two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound revealed the absence of nasal bone, decreased BPD and abnormal profile. Transvaginal 2D ultrasound was effective in the detection of HPE (partially absence of the interhemispheric fissure, fused thalami, the choroid plexuses were not visualized bilateraly: absent ‘butterfly’ CA4P ic50 sign), cylopia, absence of the nose and unilateral radial aplasia. Three dimensional (3D) ultrasound provided

a better visualization of the associated anomalies. The necropsy result confirmed the sonographic findings: the diagnosis was semilobar HPE, cyclopia, absence of the nose, and the absence of the radius and the thumb in the left arm.

Transvaginal 2D sonographic examination is effective in detection of the cases with HPE at first trimester. Fetal morphological study through 3D ultrasound may facilitate the diagnosis of associated anomalies.”
“Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films of similar to 100 nm thickness with various Al doping were prepared at 150 degrees C by atomic layer deposition on quartz substrates. At low Al doping, the films were strongly textured along the [100] direction, while at higher Al doping the films remained amorphous.

Conclusions. Investigations based on self-report or clinical bruxism diagnosis showed a positive association with TMD pain, but they are characterized by some potential bias and confounders at the diagnostic level (eg, pain as a criterion for bruxism diagnosis). Studies based on more quantitative and specific methods to diagnose bruxism showed much lower association with TMD symptoms. Anterior tooth wear was not found to be a major risk

factor for TMD. Experimental sustained jaw clenching may provoke acute muscle tenderness, but it is not analogous to myogenous TMD pain, so such studies may not help clarify the clinical relationship Smoothened inhibitor between bruxism and TMD. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod selleck chemical 2010; 109:

e26-e50)”
“To quantify removal kinetics of contaminant particles on solid surfaces, we study collisions between nonspherical particles when one particle is suspended in laminar shear flow while the second is adhered to a solid surface. Based on kinetic theory of rigid nonspherical particles, we outline a theoretical framework for our previously developed binary-collision contaminant-removal model. We show that a distribution of adhered contaminant particles over orientation, size, and shape results in multiexponential decay of surface concentration of particles with time, in agreement with experimental findings [Andreev et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 158, H55 (2011)]. Theory predicts a linear increase of removal rate constant with shear

rate and with suspended solids concentration near the substrate surface, also in agreement with experiment [Andreev et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 158, H55 (2011); Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49, 12461 (2010)]. To reveal the effect of geometry and size of colliding entrained particles on removal rates, an approximate singlet distribution function is derived for particles in flow at the level of the Smoluchowski MDV3100 theory for orthocoagulation. Two shapes of flow-suspended particles are considered: spheres and cuboids with high aspect ratio, while contaminant particles on the surface are small and spherical. Removal kinetic rate constants scale with contaminant particle size, alpha(A), as alpha(3/2)(A) for spheres and as alpha(A) for cuboids. Thus, rectangular platelet particles are effective for removal of small contaminant particles, confirming experimental observation [Andreev et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 158, H55 (2011)]. The influence of platelet aspect ratio on removal rates is analyzed. Due to interplay between solids velocity and collision cross section, small aspect ratios improve cleaning efficiency when the size ratio of the entrained to contaminant particles is large.

The reinforcement effect was found to be most excellent in the polymer concrete with 10 layers of GFRP sheet reinforcement. The appropriate reinforcement ratio for the GFRP concrete beam suggested by this study was a fiber-reinforced-plastic cross-sectional ratio of 0.007-0.008 for a polymer concrete cross-sectional ratio of 1 (width) : 1.5 (depth). (C) 2010 RG-7112 in vitro Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 3297-3304, 2011″
“Nepenthes pitcher plant species differ in

their prey capture strategies, prey capture rates, and pitcher longevity. In this study, it is investigated whether or not interspecific differences in nutrient sequestration strategy are reflected in the physiology and microstructure of the pitchers themselves. Using a non-invasive technique eFT-508 molecular weight (MIFE),

ion fluxes in pitchers of Nepenthes ampullaria Jack, Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f., and Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack were measured. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to characterize the distribution of glandular and other structures on the inner pitcher walls. The results demonstrate that nutrient sequestration strategy is indeed mirrored in pitcher physiology and microstructure. Species producing long-lived pitchers with low prey capture rates (N. ampullaria, N. bicalcarata) showed lower rates of NH(4+) uptake than N. rafflesiana, a species producing short-lived pitchers with high capture rates. Crucially, species dependent upon aquatic commensals (N. ampullaria, N. bicalcarata) actively manipulated

H(+) fluxes to maintain less acid pitcher fluid than found in ‘typical’ species; in addition, these species lacked the lunate cells and epicuticular waxes characteristic of ‘typical’ insectivorous congeners. An unexpected finding was that ion fluxes occurred in the wax-covered, non-glandular zones in N. rafflesiana. The only candidates for active transport of aqueous ions in Ruboxistaurin cell line these zones appear to be the epidermal cells lying beneath the lunate cells, as these are the only sites not visibly coated with epicuticular waxes.”
“A novel soybean oil-based vinyl-containing waterborne polyurethane (VPU) dispersion has been successfully synthesized from toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, dimethylol propionic acid and a 90 : 10 mixture of chlorinated soybean oil-based polyol and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). Then, a series of VPU/acrylic grafted latices have been prepared by emulsion graft copolymerization of acrylic monomers (40 wt % butyl acrylate and 60 wt % methyl methacrylate) in the presence of the VPU dispersion, using potassium persulfate as an initiator.

METHODS: Patients referred for complications of SPA IOLs in the ciliary sulcus from 2006 and 2008 were identified. Demographic information, examination findings, and complications of the initial surgery were recorded. Details of surgical interventions and the most recent corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were noted. A thorough review of the literature was undertaken to analyze options for IOL placement.

RESULTS: Complications of Dihydrotestosterone manufacturer sulcus SPA IOLs included pigment dispersion, iris transillumination

defects, dysphotopsia, elevated intraocular pressure, intraocular hemorrhage, and cystoid macular edema. Two patients in the series of 30 patients experienced 1 complication; 8 experienced 2 complications; 13 experienced 3 complications; 4 experienced 4 complications; and 2 experienced 5 complications. Twenty-eight eyes (93%) required surgical intervention; IOL exchange was performed in 25 (83%). Postoperatively, the mean CDVA improved, with most eyes attaining 20/20.

CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular lenses designed solely for the capsular bag should not be placed in the ciliary sulcus. Backup IOLs in appropriate powers, sizes, and designs should be available for every cataract

procedure. The development, investigation, and supply of IOLs specifically designed for placement LGK-974 nmr in eyes that lack adequate capsule support represent clinically important

endeavors for ophthalmology and the ophthalmic industry. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35:1445-1458 (C) 2009 ASCRS and ESCRS”
“Background: Recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO) are crucial to inform developing country decisions to use, or not, a new intervention. selleck chemical This article analysed the WHO policy development process to predict its course for a malaria vaccine.

Methods: The decision-making processes for one malaria intervention and four vaccines were classified through (1) consultations with staff and expert advisors to WHO’s Global Malaria Programme (GMP) and Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department (IVB); (2) analysis of the procedures and recommendations of the major policy-making bodies of these groups; (3) interviews with staff of partnerships working toward new vaccine availability; and (4) review and analyses of evidence informing key policy decisions.

Case description: WHO policy formulation related to use of intermittent preventive treatment in infancy (IPTi) and the following vaccine interventions: Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Hib), pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), rotavirus vaccine (RV), and human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV), five interventions which had relatively recently been through systematic WHO policy development processes as currently constituted, was analysed.