[3]. Samples for end-product, cell biomass, and pH measurements were Elafibranor purchase taken throughout growth, while samples for proteomic analysis were taken in exponential and stationary phase (OD600 ~ 0.37

and ~0.80, respectively). Cell growth, pH, and selleck products end-product analysis Cell growth was monitored spectrophotometrically (Biochrom, Novaspec II) at 600 nm. Sample processing, pH measurement, product gas, protein, sugar, and end-product analyses were performed as previously described [4]. Data are presented as the means of three biological replicates. Elemental biomass composition (in mM) was calculated from protein content using a molecular weight of 101 g mol-1, corresponding to the average composition of cell material (C4H7O2N) based on a stoichiometric conversion of cellobiose into cell material [38]. Barometric pressure, test tube pressure, and gas solubility in water were taken into account during calculation of gas measurements [39]. Bicarbonate equilibrium was taken into account for CO2 quantitation [40]. Preparation of cell-free extracts for proteomic analysis Exponential selleck chemical and stationary phase cell cultures (10.5 mL) were centrifuged (10000 × g, 5 minutes, 4°C). Cells pellets were washed 3 times in 500 μL 1x PBS buffer and then frozen at −80°C. Cell pellets were re-suspended in 540 μL lysis buffer (Tris–HCl, 10 mM, pH 7.4; CaCl2, 3 mM; 2 mM MgCl2, 2 mM; bacterial protease inhibitor, 1.0%; Tergitol NP-40, 0.1%)

and sonicated 5 rounds for 15 seconds each round with cooling on ice in between rounds. Unlysed cells were removed by centrifugation (14000 × g, 10 minutes) and protein concentration of supernatant was determined Bicinchononic Acid (BCA) Protein Assay Kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL) as outlined by the manufacturer. Supernatant was stored at −80°C. An aliquot corresponding to 200 μg of protein was mixed with 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate, reduced with dithiothreitol (10 mM), and incubated for 30 minutes at 57°C. Proteins were then alkylated with iodoacetamide (50 mM) for 30 minutes

at room temperature in the dark. Excess iodoacetamide was quenched with dithiothreitol (16 mM). Peptides were digested in a 1:50 trypsin/protein ratio (Promega, Madison, WI) for 10 hours Oxymatrine at 37°C. Samples were then acidified with an equal volume of 3% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), lyophilized, and re-suspended in 270 μL of 0.1% TFA. Samples were loaded on a C18 X-Terra column (1 × 100 mm, 5 μm, 100 Å; Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA), desalted using 0.1% TFA, and peptides were eluted with 50% acetonitrile. Desalted samples were stored at −80°C for 2D-HPLC-MS/MS analysis. For comparative proteomic analysis of exponential and stationary phase cells, each trypsinized protein sample (100 μg) was labelled with isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) reagent (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) as outlined by the manufacturer.