A more straightforward ELISA Selleck Fluorouracil based on mAbs to the LAP entity was therefore developed. When the LAP ELISA was used to measure Latent TGF-β1 in non-dissociated samples, the observed levels were comparable to total TGF-β1 levels determined by TGF-β1 ELISA. The correlation between the assays, together with the fact that total TGF-β1 levels to > 98.5% derived from Latent TGF-β1, demonstrated the ability of the LAP ELISA to measure Latent TGF-β1 in human samples. Compared to the conventional analysis by TGF-β1 ELISA,
the LAP ELISA provides several advantages. The LAP ELISA analysis can be made without preceding sample acidification and neutralization, procedures that are necessary for the total TGF-β1 ELISA but also involve an increased risk of errors due to incomplete dissociation after acidification or re-association after neutralization (Kropf et al., 1997). In the LAP ELISA, acid treatment did not affect the levels determined demonstrating an equal reactivity of Latent TGF-β1 and dissociated LAP. In addition
to simplifying the analytical selleck products procedure, eliminating the use of acid facilitates inclusion of LAP-specific reagents in multiplex analyses including cytokines sensitive to low pH. Each TGF-β isoform is preserved through evolution with close to 100% homology across mammals. Human TGF-β1 is e.g. identical to bovine TGF-β1 and differs only by one amino acid from murine TGF-β1. TGF-β1 ELISAs therefore react with TGF-β1 from bovine Latent TGF-β1, if bovine serum has been added to human cell cultures. The LAP proteins are less conserved and human LAP1 displays 92% and 85% homology to bovine and murine LAP1, respectively. Accordingly, no reactivity with bovine Latent TGF-β1 was displayed by the LAP ELISA, making it possible to analyze human cell supernatants without interference by bovine Latent TGF-β1. The LAP ELISA did however react with Latent TGF-β1 from the evolutionary more closely related macaques. The similar levels detected by LAP and TGF-β1 ELISA in macaques samples
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase indicate a high degree of cross-reactivity of the LAP ELISA which could be valuable considering the use of macaques as an animal model for various human diseases including AIDS. Compared to the high interspecies conservation of TGF-β1, the homology between human TGF-β isoforms is lower (≤ 77%) and even lower is the homology between LAP isoforms (≤ 41%). Consequently, the LAP ELISA did not recognize LAP from human Latent TGF-β2 and − 3. Also the individual reactivity of the mAbs used in LAP ELISA as well as MT324, the only mAb functional in Western blotting, was restricted to LAP1. A factor that could interfere with the detection of Latent TGF-β1 by LAP ELISA is the binding of LTBPs to LAP. The cysteine residue at position 33 in LAP can form a disulfide bond with LTBP and non-malignant cells generally secrete Latent TGF-β1 as a large latent complex associated with LTBPs (Mangasser-Stephan and Gressner, 1999).