Currently, Bolivia and Brazil are the world’s largest producers, with annual production

in excess of 40 thousand tons [11]. Aflatoxin contamination negatively affects exports, with maximum tolerable limits imposed by the European Commission of 8.0 μg/kg and 5.0 μg/kg for AFB1, for unshelled and shelled nuts, respectively, and 15.0 μg/kg and 10.0 μg/kg for total aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2). A. flavus and A. nomius are common aflatoxin producers on Brazil nut [12, 13], with less frequent isolation Tozasertib of aflatoxigenic species A. arachidicola, A. bombycis, A. parasiticus and A. pseudotamarii[12, 14, 15]. Non aflatoxigenic species include Flavi section members A. caelatus and A. tamarii, as well as aspergilli which are not classified in the section, such as A. Selleck EPZ015938 versicolor and A. sydowii[12]. Given that morphological characters can be insufficient for distinguishing certain species belonging to section Flavi, numerous molecular-based approaches have been developed. These have included analysis of rDNA ITS and aflR-aflJ intergenic spacers for differentiation of A. flavus and A. parasiticus[16, 17], as well as AFLP and SNP analysis for differentiation

of A. flavus/A. oryzae, A. parasiticus/A. sojae, A. tamarii and A. nomius[18, 19]. Sequence-based approaches include analysis of rDNA ITS and 28S rRNA variable regions [20, 21], together with calmodulin and β-tubulin gene regions [7, 22, 23]. Variability in the latter two genes can be appropriate for resolving closely related Aspergillus species [24]. Molecular identification of nine species of section Flavi was recently described, based upon amplification of aflT and aflR genes and rDNA ITS regions, genomic DNA SmaI-derived RFLPs, and RAPD fingerprinting [25]. Specific detection medroxyprogesterone of section Flavi species in contaminated material has been described using both PCR e.g. [26] and loop-mediated isothermal amplification [27]. Hazard Analysis Critical Romidepsin mw Control Point (HACCP) methods

are employed to reduce the risk of contamination of foods with microbial pathogens, toxins or allergens [28]. When setting up HACCP concepts, species identification is necessary for determining critical control points (CCPs) in the field, storage or transport. In this context, the objectives of this study were to identify Aspergillus species occurring on Brazil nut from different states in the Brazilian Amazon region on the basis of morphological, molecular and extrolite data, followed by the development of a PCR method for collective identification of member species of the genus Aspergillus. Results Identification and abundance of Aspergillus species Polyphasic identification of all 137 Aspergillus strains isolated from Brazil nut shell material collected from cooperatives across the Brazilian Amazon region (states of Acre, Amapá and Amazonas) revealed the presence of five species, with three belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi.