In each SNP study, between 50 and 117 subjects of each group were randomly selected for participation. The following http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html SNP from nine positions in seven candidate genes were tested: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) -308 and -238, adiponectin -45 and -276, leptin -2548, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPAR-γ) -161, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ

co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) -482, hepatic lipase -514 and phosphatidyletha-nolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT)-175. Genetic analyses were performed using genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. SNP were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. The genetic polymorphisms were separated on 3% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized under ultraviolet (UV) light

after ethidium bromide staining. The data were analyzed using SPSS RG-7388 nmr 12.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and examined using the Student’s t-test. Categorical variables were expressed as a percentage and examined using the χ2-tests and Fisher’s tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 (two-tailed). Stratified analyses with gender as subgroups were carried out when differences between case and control groups did not reach significance. This study complied with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 of Guangzhou Medical College. Written consent was obtained from each participant. Most parameters related to metabolic syndrome were significantly different between the NAFLD and control groups. In this study, almost all NAFLD subjects

(109/117, 93.2%) diagnosed with ultrasonography were overweight (i.e. BMI ≥ 23 but <25) or obese (BMI ≥ 25) according to the Asian criteria.17 At promoter region -308 of the TNF-α gene, there was no significant difference in the genotypic distributions and the allelic frequency between the NAFLD and control groups (P > 0.05). However, at position -238, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that the G/A variant at the TNF-α gene -238 increased susceptibility to NAFLD and that the variant at -308 was not relevant. Gender-level analysis showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). At exon 2 of adiponectin gene -45, genotypic distributions were significantly different between the NAFLD and control groups (P < 0.05), but the difference in allelic frequencies was not (P > 0.05). Both the genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of adiponectin gene -276 were significantly different between the NAFLD and control groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the T/G variant at adiponectin gene -45 was weakly positively associated with susceptibility to NAFLD, but that the G/T variant at -276 may decrease susceptibility. There was no significant gender difference between groups.