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“In this article, the dynamic magnetostrictive effect of giant magnetostrictive materials is studied and a novel general nonlinear transient constitutive model Ulixertinib is established, in which the eddy current effects are incorporated. The validity and reliability of the obtained nonlinear transient constitutive model are verified by comparing its predicted results with existing experimental data. The excellent agreements between predicted results and experimental data indicate that the nonlinear transient constitutive model with eddy current effects can accurately capture frequency-dependent hysteretic

behavior exhibited by giant magnetostrictive materials under different applied magnetic field amplitudes and frequencies. Moreover, the obtained constitutive model can also effectively capture the nonlinear magnetic-elastic-thermal coupling effect of giant magnetostrictive materials, since the stress and temperature-dependencies are incorporated in the nonlinear transient constitutive model. In such a case, the influences of exciting frequency and temperature on the dynamic magnetostrictive effect of giant magnetostrictive materials are discussed in detail by using this

nonlinear transient ZD1839 supplier constitutive model. The numerical simulation results evidence the notable dependences of dynamic magnetostrictive effect on exciting frequency and temperature, which indicate that the effects of eddy current and temperature on the dynamic magnetostrictive effect can not be ignored. Therefore, the nonlinear transient constitutive model with eddy current effects established in this article has great practical value for both theoretical researches and engineering applications of giant magnetostrictive

materials. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3524479]“
“Our study examined the association between GB virus C (GBV-C) and (i) hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection status, (ii) biomedical indicators of liver disease (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) and (iii) HCV RNA level among young injection drug users (IDUs) recruited using street outreach and respondent-driven methods. Crenigacestat in vivo Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were completed. GBV-C (active or resolved) infection was significantly (P < 0.05) more prevalent among HCV antibody-positive (anti-HCV+) (65.1%) than antibody-negative (anti-HCV-) (32.3%) (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 2.3-6.9) IDUs. The prevalence of resolved GBV-C infection was highest among those with chronic HCV infection (41.9%), followed by those with resolved HCV infection (34.4%) and significantly lower (P < 0.05) among anti-HCV participants (16.9%). Although not statistically significant (P = 0.13), a similar pattern was observed for active GBV-C infection. No association between GBV-C infection status and biomedical indicators of liver disease or HCV RNA level over time was observed.