In this study, 8-week-old male Crl:CD(SD) rats (Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc., Yokohama, Japan) were used. The rats were kept in an animal facility and housed in positive-pressure air-conditioned units (21–24 °C, 42–64% relative humidity) with see more 12 h light and dark cycles. After a 7-day acclimation, the body weight of each rat was measured and assigned to the study. Their body weight was in the range of 288–336 g at intratracheal instillation.

Rats were anesthetized with ether, and 1 mL/kg body weight of MWCNTs, negative control, or the positive control (crystalline silica particle) suspension were instilled into the trachea using a 18G indwelling needle, corresponding to doses of 0.04, 0.2, or 1 mg/kg body weight of MWCNTs and 5 mg/kg body weight of crystalline silica particles. Following instillation, the viability and general condition of the rats were observed

once a day until dissection. The body weight of each rat was measured before instillation and at 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 21-, 28-, 35-, 42-, 49-, 56-, 63-, 70-, 77-, 84-, and 91-day post-exposure. Measurements of the organ weight of the left lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) www.selleckchem.com/products/Dapagliflozin.html examination from the right lung, and histopathological evaluation of the left lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and cerebrum were performed at 3-day, 1-week (7 days), 1-month (28 days), and 3-month (91 days) post-exposure. Five rats per group were evaluated at each time point. Animal experiments were performed in 2009 at the Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corp. (Tokyo, Japan) in accordance with the Law for Partial Amendments to the Law Concerning the Protection and Control of Animals (2005). This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and

Use Committee of the Testing Facility and performed in accordance with the ethics criteria contained in the bylaws of the Committee of National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. The rats were euthanized by administrating an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium MRIP (Nembutal injectable, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) followed by exsanguination. The left bronchus was clamped with forceps, and the right bronchus was cannulated. Subsequently, 3 mL of heated (∼37 °C) saline (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan) was instilled and aspirated to and from the lung to recover the first BALF fraction (approximately 2 mL). The supernatant was obtained by centrifuging the BALF at 300 g for 5 min and was used for the biochemical and cytokine measurements. Thereafter, 2 mL of saline solution was instilled and aspirated to and from the lung twice, and then additional BALF (approximately 4 mL) was obtained, centrifuged at 300 g for 5 min after addition to the precipitation obtained by centrifugation of the first BALF. The cell fraction was used to determine cell counts in the BALF.