J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2794-2803, 2011″
“Background: It is unclear whether plant stanols lower serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations and cholesterol-standardized fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations dose-dependently when consumption exceeds the recommended daily intakes of 2.0-3.0 g.

Objective: The objective was to study the relation between plant stanols provided as plant stanol esters on changes in serum concentrations of LDL cholesterol and fat-soluble antioxidants.

Design: Healthy subjects (n = 93) with slightly

elevated serum total cholesterol concentrations (5.0-8.0 mmol/L) received, after a 3-wk run-in period, control products (n = 22) or products (margarine and soy-based yogurt) providing 3 g (n = 24), HSP inhibitor review 6 g (n = 22), or 9 g (n = 25) plant stanols provided as fatty acid esters

for 4 wk.

Results: Serum LDL cholesterol decreased dose-dependently. Compared with control, decreases in the 3-g group were 0.32 mmol/L (7.4%; P = 0.005 after adjustment for multiple comparisons). An intake of 6 g plant stanols caused an additional decrease of 0.18 mmol/L (4.5%; P = 0.100 compared with the 3-g group). In the 9-g group, a further decrease of 0.22 mmol/L (5.4%) was observed (P = 0.048 compared with the 6-g group). Serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations were lowered by 17.4% in the 9-g group compared with the control group. No effects on cholesterol-standardized beta-carotene concentrations were observed. Even the change of -0.01 HSP990 manufacturer mu mol/mmol cholesterol (or 29.2%; P = 0.341) in the 3-g group compared with the control group was not statistically significant because of the large variation in response. Serum HDL-cholesterol AZ 628 and triacylglycerol concentrations, cholesterol-standardized alpha-tocopherol and lutein concentrations, and

plasma markers reflecting liver and renal function were not affected.

Conclusions: Daily consumption of plant stanols up to 9 g reduces serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations linearly up to 17.4%. For cholesterol-standardized fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations, such a relation could not be ascertained. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 24-33.”
“The chemical oxidation of alternating branched polyarylamines leads to the formation of radical cations, the presence of which was manifested by the appearance of new bands in the UV-visible-near infrared spectra. Spins of radical cations can be magnetically coupled. The nutation pulsed-EPR technique was used to determine the multiplicity of spin systems for different oxidant: polymer unit ratios. It was found that spins of polymers oxidized to a radical cation in each conjugated amine segment interact magnetically to form dominant quartet state (S-3/2). Magnetization measurements confirmed the ferromagnetic interaction of spins, returning an exchange integral J- +0.75 meV. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.