No impact of HGG on the rate of transplant rejection was observed. The impact of treatment of HGG with IVIg was also presented. The authors would like to thank Meridian HealthComms Ltd for providing medical writing services. S. C. J. has received consultation and grant support from CSL Behring and Genentech-Roche. D. G. has received support for consulting, conferences and/or research from CSL Behring, One Lambda, Astellas and ROTRF.

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“The immunoprophylactic and therapeutic potentials of root extracts of Withania somnifera chemotypes (NMITLI-118, NMITLI-101) and pure withanolide–withaferin A was investigated against Leishmania donovani infection in hamsters. The naive animals, fed orally with immunostimulatory doses of chemotypes 101R, 118R (10 and 3 mg/kg) and withaferin A (9 and 3 mg/kg) for five consecutive days and challenged

p38 MAPK phosphorylation with Leishmania parasites on day 6, were euthanized on days 30 and 45 p.c. for the assessment of parasite clearance, CDK inhibitor real-time analysis of mRNAs of Th1/Th2 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, iNOS/IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β), NO production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lymphocyte transformation test and antibody responses. By day 45 p.c., there was a significant increase in the mRNA expression of iNOS, IFN-γ, IL-12 and TNF-α but decrease in IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β, an enhanced Leishmania-specific LTT response as well as ROS, NO and antileishmanial IgG2 levels in 101R-treated hamsters followed by 118R- and withaferin A-treated ones, respectively. When these chemotypes were given to L. donovani-infected hamsters at different doses, there was moderate therapeutic efficacy of chemotype 101R (~50%) at 30 mg/kg × 5 followed by the other two. The results established that

the 101R is the most potential chemotype and can be evaluated for combination therapy along with available antileishmanials. “
“Nontyphoidal Salmonellae commonly cause fatal bacteraemia in African children lacking anti-Salmonella antibodies. These are facultative intracellular bacteria capable Tangeritin of cell-free and intracellular survival within macrophages. To better understand the relationship between extracellular and intracellular infection in blood and general mechanisms of Ab-related protection against Salmonella, we used human blood and sera to measure kinetics of Ab and complement deposition, serum-mediated bactericidal killing and phagocytosis of invasive African Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium D23580. Binding of antibodies peaked by 30 s, but C3 deposition lagged behind, peaking after 2–4 min. C5b-9 deposition was undetectable until between 2 and 6 min and peaked after 10 min, after which time an increase in serum-mediated killing occurred. In contrast, intracellular, opsonized Salmonellae were readily detectable within 5 min. By 10 min, around half of monocytes and most neutrophils contained bacteria. The same kinetics of serum-mediated killing and phagocytosis were observed with S.