One notable instance was case 2 where the neonate was born prematurely by cesarean and died due to extensive pneumothorax. Case 2 did not have histopathological Tenofovir price data for inflammation in the lungs or placenta; however, the repeated finding of chlamydial DNA in the brain and liver of this newborn presents a strong suspicion of systemic infection by C. trachomatis. Due to the lack of determination of histopathological criteria, this case suggests that the entire spectrum of C. trachomatis pathogenesis is still not completely known. At no moment were diagnostic studies performed regarding Chlamydia or Mycoplasma infection in these patients, probably due to their short lifespan. Likewise, the mothers were also not screened for atypical
pathogens during their pregnancy. The lack
of C. trachomatis infection studies in these women was probably due to poor or no prenatal care: six (43%) women had no prenatal care, five (36%) had only two or three consultations, and Vorinostat price three (21%) had five or six prenatal medical consultations. The cause of death for case 8 was a systemic infection by Mycoplasma hominis. This pathogen has been shown to produce severe infection in fetuses and newborns, and can be vertically transmitted. Among the infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis, pneumonia, which evolves rapidly to bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and systemic infections with poor prognoses if not detected and treated in time 25 stand Lumacaftor out. This situation could also occur with the infections caused by C. trachomatis. The polymerase chain reaction is the most sensitive and rapid method to detect microbial pathogens in clinical specimens, particularly, for Chlamydia and Mycoplasma, which are difficult to culture in vitro. The application of this method to clinical specimens has many potential pitfalls due to the presence of inhibitors and contamination. Further, the sensitivity and specificity of this assay is dependent on target genes, primer sequences, techniques used, DNA extraction procedures, and amplified product detection methods. However, the present investigation group had previously standardized the polymerase chain reaction applied in this study. 24 Additionally, the positive samples in the
assay were confirmed through real-time polymerase chain reaction, a method that offers many general technical advantages, including reduced probabilities of variability and contamination, online monitoring, and no requirement for post-reaction analyses. The current capacity to detect infections such as C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma (infections that impact the health of the most vulnerable populations: newborns and pregnant women), will allow for the identification of the high frequency by which these microorganisms produce membrane ruptures, premature births, and neonatal disease that can become severe and even fatal. 6 Therefore, it is believed that, in the future, it will be necessary to reassess the public policies on prenatal care.