Only the NiFe- and FeFe- hydrogenases are prevalent among microorganisms (Vignais and Billoud 2007). In contrast, Fe-hydrogenases (also known as H2-forming methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenases, Hmd; Zirngibl et al. 1990) are exclusively encountered in some methanogenic archaea (Shima and Thauer 2007) and have a completely different cofactor than NiFe- or FeFe-hydrogenases Blasticidin S chemical structure as has

been recently proved by the analysis of a Fe-hydrogenase crystal structure at 1.75 Å (Shima et al. 2008). The vast majority of the hydrogenase enzymes are sensitive to molecular oxygen. It is of interest therefore, that several species of unicellular green algae have retained the genetic information and are capable of metabolizing molecular H2 (Kessler 1974; Winkler et al. 2002b, c; Skjånes et al. 2008), in spite of the fact that these microorganisms normally carry out oxygenic photosynthesis. A substantial Tariquidar proportion of H2 production in such microalgae clearly depends on photosynthetic activity, on electrons derived upon photosynthetic oxidation of H2O, and on the FeFe-hydrogenase enzyme that is localized in the chloroplast (Happe

et al. 1994; Florin et al. 2001). The hydrogenase enzyme and the metabolism it is involved in are best addressed in the model green microalga C. reinhardtii. Methocarbamol Its FeFe-hydrogenase (HydA1) is a small iron-containing protein of about 48 kDa, which is localized in the chloroplast stroma with ferredoxin being the direct electron donor (Happe and Naber 1993; Happe et al. 1994). The gene encoding HydA1 was first reported by Happe and co-workers in 2001 (Florin et al. 2001; Happe and Kaminski 2002), with

a second putative hydrogenase gene, HYDA2, identified soon thereafter (Forestier et al. 2003). The function of HydA2 has not been clarified yet. Isolation of hydrogenase from C. reinhardtii did always SYN-117 mouse result in pure HydA1 protein (Happe and Naber 1993; Kamp et al. 2008); however, the HYDA2-gene is transcribed (Forestier et al. 2003) and recombinant HydA2 protein has hydrogenase activity (King et al. 2006). Altogether, a collection of hydrogenase genes (Florin et al. 2001; Winkler et al. 2002a, c; Kamp et al. 2008) and proteins (Kamp et al. 2008) of different green microalgal species have been isolated, showing a high degree of similarity (Melis et al. 2004). In C. reinhardtii (Happe and Naber 1993; Happe and Kaminski 2002) and other eukaryotic microalgae (Winkler et al. 2002b; Skjånes et al. 2008) hydrogenase gene expression and hydrogenase activity can be induced upon an artificial process called anaerobic adaptation, in which cells are concentrated, flushed with inert gas like argon (Ar) or nitrogen (N2), and kept in the dark.