The cells were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium to an optical density (OD600) of 0.3 at which point 50 mM arabinose was added for 90 min [41]. The culture was centrifuged, electroporated with 1 μg of purified PCR product of the gene of interest, recovered in SOC media (20 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract, 0.5 g NaCl, per liter plus 20 mM glucose) for 3 h, plated on LB agar with the appropriate antibiotic, and incubated at 37°C. Transformants were verified by PCR followed by DNA sequencing. P22 phage transduction was used to move the mutations into the specified genetic backgrounds of S. Typhimurium

14028s. Colony PCR was used to confirm the genotype(s). Transductants were purified on Evans-Blue-Uranine (EBU) agar plates. The medium used throughout this study was a buffered (pH = 7.4) LB containing 100 mM MOPS and 20 mM xylose (LB-MOPS-X) Veliparib [21, 29, 42, 43]; where indicated, kanamycin and ampicillin were used at 55 μg ml-1 and 100 μg ml-1, respectively. Anaerobic

conditions were maintained in a Coy anaerobic chamber (Coy Laboratory Products, Grass Lake, MI) filled with anaerobic gas mixture (10% H2, 5% CO2, and 85% N2). Media were equilibrated in the anaerobic chamber for at least 48 h prior to use. Aerobic conditions were maintained by shaking at 200 RPM at 37°C in a New Brunswick gyratory water bath. FRAX597 in vivo Growth was determined by measuring changes in OD600 over time. The ferrous iron chelator, 2, 2′ dipyridyl (dip), was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and used at 200 μM. PCR reagents were from Promega (Madison, WI). RNA isolation For the microarray experiments, independent anaerobic cultures of 14028s and Δfur (KLM001) were used to inoculate three independent flasks (150 ml of anoxic LB-MOPS-X) for each strain. The three independent cultures of 14028s and Δfur were grown to an OD600 of 0.30 to 0.35 (~ four generations) and treated with RNAlater (Qiagen) to fix the cells and preserve the quality

of the RNA as described previously [21, 43]. Total RNA was extracted and its Anlotinib in vitro quality was assured before aliquots Ureohydrolase of the RNA samples were stored at -80°C for use in the microarray as previously described [21, 43]. Microarray studies Serovar Typhimurium microarray slides were prepared and used as previously described [21, 43, 44]. The SuperScript Indirect cDNA labeling system (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was used to synthesize the cDNA for the hybridizations. Each experiment consisted of two hybridizations, on two slides carried-out at 42°C overnight. Dye swapping was performed to avoid dye-associated effects on cDNA synthesis. The slides were washed at increasing stringencies and the microarrays were scanned for the Cy3 and Cy5 fluorescent signals with a ScanArray 4000 microarray scanner from GSI Lumonics (Watertown, MA).