Traditional methods for isolating and identifying Salmonella in food rely on nonselective and selective pre-enrichment, followed by isolation using selective and differential media. Isolated colonies are identified biochemically and by using serology

[10]. The major limitation of these methods is that they typically take 4–8 days to obtain results. In addition, the sensitivity of the culture method, which is currently considered the gold standard for detection of Salmonella, is lower compared with that of DNA-based Selleckchem GS-4997 methods. This limitation may result in an GSK2399872A datasheet increased false-negative rate [10, 11]. To shorten detection time and reduce tedious work to perform traditional culture methods, immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been used for detection of Salmonella[10, 12], but poor performance in sensitivity

and specificity as compared with other methods has relegated Pexidartinib order these methods to be a less than an ideal option for the field work [13]. Therefore, there is a need to develop rapid, sensitive and specific methodologies to detect this pathogen in foods. Recently, DNA-based molecular detection tools such as conventional and qPCR have been used for bacterial diagnostics [11, 13–15]. More recently, qPCR is gaining popularity for its sensitivity, specificity, and rapid turnaround time. However, the use of these methods is hampered by

their inability to distinguish DNA signals originated from live or dead cells. Because detection of live cells is most relevant in molecular diagnostics [16], it is essential to have reliable methods for selective detection of DNA from live Salmonella cells. To differentiate live and dead cells, several strategies have been used in molecular detection; one of Fludarabine manufacturer the most commonly used strategies is to detect the presence of RNA which is inherently unstable [9, 17, 18]. However, it is known that working with RNA is cumbersome due to the risk of contamination with RNases and, hence can be labor intensive. Recent development of a photoreactive binding dye, propidium monoazide (PMA) offers an alternative way to differentiate dead cells from live cells [17, 19, 20] and has been successfully used for selective detection of live Escherichia coli O157H:7 cells from food by our group [21]. PMA is capable of penetrating membrane-compromised dead cells, but not intact live cells. Once the dye enters a cell, it can bind to DNA and covalently cross-link to the DNA upon light-exposure. Consequently, the amplification of such modified DNA is inhibited. However, in some cases, such inhibition of amplification of DNA of dead cells was found incomplete by several research groups [22–25].