We used a Morris water maze scale and compared the degree of reversal of amnesia induced by the two agents. Male Swiss albino mice were subjected to a Rotarod muscle incoordination test followed by water maze tasks. Our data revealed that L-NNA and MK-801 produced anterograde and retrograde amnesia and B. monniera significantly attenuated the L-NNA-induced anterograde amnesia, partially reversing L-NNA-induced retrograde amnesia. On the other hand, B. monniera neither attenuated the MK-801-induced anterograde amnesia nor improved retrograde amnesia caused by it. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier find more Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“mRNA and protein presence of
Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) 1 (NHE1) and 5 (NHE5) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal spinal cord as well as its possible role in three inflammatory nociception tests were determined. Local peripheral ipsilateral, but not contralateral, administration of NHE inhibitors 5-(N,N-dimethyl)amiloride hydrochloride (DMA, 0.3-30 mu M/paw), 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride
(EIPA, 0.3-30 mu M/paw) and amiloride (0.1-10 mu M/paw) significantly increased flinching but not licking behavior in the capsaicin and 5-HT tests. Moreover, DMA and EIPA (0.03-30 mu M/paw) as well as amiloride (0.1-1 Gefitinib ic50 mu M/paw) augmented, in a dose-dependent manner, 0.5% formalin-induced flinching behavior during phase II but not during phase I. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction showed the expression of NHE1 and NHE5 in DRG and dorsal spinal cord. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of NHE1 in DRG and spinal cord. Moreover, NHE5 was expressed in dorsal spinal cord, but not in DRG where a 45 kDa truncated isoform of NHE5 was identified. Collectively, these data suggest that NHE1, but not NHE5, plays an important role reducing inflammatory pain in rats. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently described paramyxovirus that causes respiratory tract infections. Prior clinical studies have highlighted the importance of respiratory viruses, such as influenza virus, in facilitating secondary bacterial infections and increasing host immunopathology. The objective of the present work was to evaluate SPTLC1 the effects of initial viral infection with hMPV or influenza A virus followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae superinfection 5 days later in a murine model. Both groups of superinfected mice demonstrated significant weight loss (mean of 15%) and higher levels of airway obstruction (mean enhanced pause value of 2.7) compared to those of mice infected with hMPV, influenza virus, or pneumococcus alone. Bacterial counts increased from 5 x 10(2) CFU/lung in mice infected with pneumococcus only to 10(7) and 10(9) CFU/lung in mice with prior infections with hMPV and influenza A virus, respectively.