Without any thermal treatment in this work, it is reasonable for the ZrTiO x film to be amorphous. The inset shows the cross-sectional TEM image for the interface between Ni and n+-Si. Besides the clear single-crystal Si structure, the Ni film is found to be amorphous without observing any crystalline layer near Si interface. This phenomenon suggests that no nickel silicide was formed in the device since the formation of nickel silicide will result in crystalline layer. Nickel silicide is a commonly used material to improve contact resistance and has been well studied in the literature [21] from which Ni2Si, NiSi, and NiSi2 can be respectively formed at 250°C, 350°C,

and 700°C. Again, since no thermal treatment was employed in this work, the Ni film of Epoxomicin in vivo amorphous phase without forming any silicide is expected. Figure 1 XRD pattern for ZrTiO x dielectric GW786034 solubility dmso used in 1D1R cell. The inset shows the cross-sectional TEM for Ni/n+-Si interface. DC behavior for 1D, 1R, and 1D1R devices Figure 2 shows the current-voltage (I-V) curves for Ni/n+-Si based diode and it was measured with grounded n+-Si, and a typical Schottky diode curve is demonstrated because of the metal/semiconductor junction. The F/R ratio for this diode measured at ±0.2 V is about 103 which proves good rectifying properties. In fact, from the exponential forward bias region,

the barrier height for Ni/n+-Si junction is extracted to be 0.66 eV

with the consideration of image force-lowering effect. To further enhance the F/R ratio, the doping concentration Mirabegron of Si can be modulated to be lower so that the effect of image force lowering and tunneling can be suppressed. Figure 3 shows the switching behavior for TaN/ZrTiO x /Ni-based RRAM devices and it demonstrates self-compliance, forming-free characteristics with SET/RESET voltage lower than 1 V, and R HRS/R LRS ratio of 9 × 103 at read voltage of +0.1 V. The initial LRS can be ascribed to the existence of a pre-existed filament that is composed of oxygen vacancies in the nonstoichiometric ZrTiO x . As a NCT-501 cost negative bias is applied on the top electrode TaN (positive bias applied on bottom electrode Ni), it will build an electric field that drives oxygen vacancies to move toward the top electrode TaN and therefore the filament will be ruptured, making devices switch to HRS. In fact, the voltage-driven oxygen vacancies movement has been proposed in the literature as the switching mechanism for other dielectrics [22, 23]. On the other hand, applying a positive bias on the top electrode TaN (negative bias applied on bottom electrode) under HRS would repel the oxygen vacancies near the top electrode toward the bottom electrode and re-align the oxygen vacancies to form conducting filaments because of the downward electric field, switching devices from HRS to LRS.