“
“The calcium oxalate stones are more than 70% of all urinary calculi. Two different types of calcium oxalate calculi can be found in humans, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD).1 It has been shown that the major etiologic factors for these types of calculi are different. Thus, the COM is observed

to be more frequent in patients with urinary calcium excretion and concentration normal with a deficit of urine in the Selleckchem Alectinib capacity to inhibit the crystallization, whereas the COD is associated with an elevated urinary calcium excretion and a urinary pH ≥6.2, 3 and 4 COM calculi can be divided into 2 groups5: (1) papillary COM calculi, with an area of detectable

attachment to the papilla that basically consists of a core near the junction with the papilla (concave region) and radially grooved concentric peripheral layers, and (2) COM calculi in which the attachment area to the papilla is not detectable, Veliparib which develops in renal cavities; it consists of a central core that clearly serves as a nidus for the organization and development of calculus body. Therefore, the calculus body is constituted by columnar crystals of COM that emerge from the central core. We describe the case of a patient with COD and COM calculi occluded in cavities with low urodynamic efficacy. The patient, a 39-year-old man, had L-NAME HCl a history of kidney stones. The x-ray imaging and abdominal computed tomographic scans showed many shades of stone in the left kidney and only a small stone in the right one. The left kidney was shaped with a totally abnormal dendritic branched pelvis (Fig. 1) with respect to the left kidney. The patient did not present any other previous disease. The patient underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy with dual access to remove several calculi of the left kidney. This patient formed 2 different types of calculi. Eleven corresponded to COD calculi with hydroxyapatite as a minor

component. The other was a nonpapillary COM calculus consisting of a spherical calculus developed around a central core surrounded by columnar COM crystals emerging from the core and with complete absence of an attachment to the epithelium (Fig. 2). All those calculi were located inside narrow cavities covered with a thin epithelium that permits their visualization (Fig. 3A). By removing this epithelium calculi was easily removed and the cavity in which are housed can be clearly observed (Fig. 3B). Biochemical blood analysis showed only elevated triglycerides (373 mg/dL), and urinary biochemical analysis showed high urinary calcium concentration, not hypercalciuria, (165 mg/24 hour, 130 mg/L), hypocitraturia (146 mg/L), and a ratio [calcium]/[citrate] >0.33.

A linear equation describing this relationship was established: equation(3) M=1.0322V+24.898since the target dose D (mg) is calculated as: equation(4) D=M.S/100D=M.S/100where M is the mass of the tablet and S is the percentage of loading filament. Therefore, the required dimension (L) to achieve a target dose (D) from filament with loading percentage (S) can be calculated as: equation(5) L=25100DS-24.8981.0322π3 A series of tablets were printed according to Eq. (5) to achieve a target dose of 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5 or 10 mg. Table 1 illustrated the details of dimensions, expected and measured mass of these tablets. A MakerBot Replicator® 2X Experimental 3D Printer (MakerBot

Industries, New York, USA) was utilized to print blank PVA tablets. Blank tablets (PVA only) Ulixertinib were printed using default settings of the software for PLA filament as follows: type of printer: Replicator 2X; type of filament: PLA; resolution: Selleck BMS777607 standard; temperature of nozzle: 230 °C; temperature of building plate: 20 °C; speed of extruder 90 mm/s while extruding and 150 mm/s while traveling; infill: 100%; height of the layer: 200 μm. No supports or rafts were utilized in the printed model. In order to be able to print prednisolone loaded PVA tablets, the following modifications were implemented: (i) Kapton tape layer (default) provided poor adhesion of the designs to the built plate. Blue

Scotch painter’s tape was applied to the surface of the printing board to improve adhesion to the surface layer. In order to assess prednisolone content in drug loaded filaments and the printed tablets, each tablet (or 100 mg of filament) was accurately weighed and transferred to a 500 ml volumetric flask. Tablets were incubated for 1 h in 150 ml of distilled water under sonication followed by completing the volume with methanol to 500 ml, and subsequent sonication for an additional 4 h at 50 °C. After cooling to room temperature, samples were filtered through a 0.22 μm Millex-GP syringe filter (Merck Millipore, USA) and prepared

found for HPLC analysis. Prednisolone concentration was determined through HPLC analysis method using an Agilent HPLC 1260 series (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Germany) equipped with Kinetex C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, particle size 2.6 μm) (Phenomenex, Torrance, USA). The mobile phase (water: acetonitrile) was used in gradient concentrations: (60:40 at time 0, 40:60 at time 8–12 min and 60:40 at time 12.01–14 min) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The injection volume was set at 40 μl and the UV detector employed an absorbance wavelength of 250 nm. Temperature of the column was maintained at 45 °C and stop time for each sample was 14 min. The surface morphology of the PVA filament, extruded filament from the nozzle of the 3D printer as well as the printed tablet was assessed using a Quanta-200 SEM microscope at 20 kV.

We sampled data from a prospective cohort that comprised the parents of children enrolled in the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) in five Primary Care Trusts (PCTs, administrative

bodies that had responsibilities for local primary care and public health services) in England, in 2010–2011 (Falconer et al., 2012). The NCMP is a government initiative which aims to measure the heights and weights of children at Enzalutamide research buy state primary schools in England, at school entry (age 4–5) and year 6 (10–11) each year. Weight is measured to the nearest 0.1 kg and height to the nearest millimetre. After the measurement, written feedback is mailed to parents informing them of their child’s body mass index (BMI) category; cut-offs at the 2nd, 91st and 98th BMI centiles of the UK 1990 growth curves (Cole et al., 1995) define underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obese (described to parents as ‘very overweight’), respectively. Parents of non-healthy weight children are provided with information learn more about the health risks associated with their child’s weight status. Feedback also includes information about healthy lifestyles and local health and leisure services. Parents

of the following children were invited to participate in the study: all children enrolled in the NCMP in Redbridge, Islington, and West Essex PCTs, children aged 10–11 in Bath and North East Somerset (BANES) PCT, and children aged 4–5 in Sandwell PCT (n = 18,000). Parents completed self-administered questionnaires about perceptions of their child’s weight and health, lifestyle and health-related behaviours, and socio-demographic characteristics before the NCMP feedback (baseline, February–July 2011) and at one month and six months after feedback. The questionnaires were why developed for the study with input from experts in health-related behaviour and evaluation. The study was approved by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

ethics committee. Parents of children identified as overweight or obese by the NCMP who completed questionnaires at baseline and at least one follow-up were included in this study. Primary outcomes were selected to correspond to the contemplation and action stages of the transtheoretical model: 1) intention to change health-related behaviour at one month after feedback, and 2) positive change in health related-behaviour at one or six months after feedback. Intention to change health-related behaviour was defined as parental intention to make changes to any of the following at one month: child’s diet, physical activity, or use of health or leisure services (doctor, nurse, pharmacist, weight management clinic or leisure services).

Moreover, CVD-Mali and the Ministry of Health propose to

quantify the impact of RV vaccine introduction on the burden of RV disease. This research study was funded by PATH’s Rotavirus Vaccine Program under a grant from the GAVI Alliance, and was co-sponsored by Merck & Co., Inc. The study was designed by scientists from Merck & Co., Inc, with substantial input from PATH staff and site investigators. PATH staff independently monitored study execution in Mali and participated in pharmacovigilance and data analyses. We also acknowledge the sincere effort of all our study staffs in Mali at CVD-Mali, Centre National d’Appui à la lute contre la Maladie (CNAM), the Ministry of Health of Mali, the Direction de la Pharmacie et du Medicament (DPM), The CHU-Hopital Gabriel Touré (CHU-HGT),

CSCOMs Akt inhibitor ASACODA, ADASCO, ASACONIA, ANIASCO; traditional healers, religious and socio-cultural leaders; and the support of the community members throughout the study area without which this study would ever have been materialized. Special thank to study personnel at Center for Vaccine Developpment (CVD), University SAR405838 clinical trial of Maryland: Karen S Ball, and to personnel at CVD-Mali: Kindia Camara. Conflict of interest statement: SOS received Merck funding as a member of the Advisory Board for Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccine New Products; MC was an employee of Merck when the clinical trial was conducted and owned equity in the company. MML is a paid advisory board member for NIH Vaccine Center, Center for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine at Oxford University, AlphaVax, International Vaccine Institute, Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, AfriChol, and the Pasteur Institute STOPENTERICS program, and has received consultancies from Novartis

and Merck. No other conflicts of interest are declared. “
“Annually, rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) kills more than Ketanserin 453,000 children around the world [1] and [2]. The highest mortality rates are experienced by children less than 1 year of age in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Asia. Since 2006, children born in the United States and many countries in Latin America and Europe have benefited from life-saving rotavirus vaccines but, without demonstrated efficacy in Africa and Asia, the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization recommended that clinical trials be conducted in these areas of the world [3] to demonstrate their immunogenicity and efficacy. Over the last several years, these studies have been performed with both Rotarix® and Rotateq®, the two rotavirus vaccines that are currently on the market [4], [5] and [6].

It is worthy to mention here that the compound library consists of structural features derived from five different classes which cover overlapping features and thereafter holds good chances of identification of pharmacophoric buy BMS-907351 requirements. After retrieving sequence of alpha-1 (α1)-adrenergic receptor from uniprot (P35348), BLAST15 has resulted in 36% identity and core conserved similarity 71 % with similar template of chain A beta2 adreno receptor (PDB ID 2R4R_A)

having sequence length of 365 in Homo sapiens from Protein Database Bank (PDB). 16 Protein modeling has been performed using Deep View/Swiss PDB Viewer and Swiss Model server. 17 The primary polypeptide chain of alpha-1 (α1)-adrenergic receptor was aligned on the backbone of template (chain A beta2 adreno receptor, PDB ID 2R4R_A) which

then was followed by side chain optimization using the simultaneous global optimization of the energy for all non-identical residues. Structural validation of the modeled 3D alpha-1 (α1)-adrenergic receptor was assessed using most popular structure validation http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-888.html tool Procheck 18 and Ramchandranplot. 19 Molecular docking program Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) based on PLP score and PLANTS Score provided a flexible platform for docking of the compound library of all 1000 candidates. The PLP scoring functions was first reported by Gehlhaar et al20 and 21 and its advanced form was introduced by Yang and Chen22 Similarly PLANTS scoring function was recently incorporated in MVD developed and reported by Korb et al.23 GRID resolution was set to 0.30 A0. Antagonists were evaluated on the basis of the internal ES (Internal electrostatic Interaction), internal hydrogen bond interactions and sp2–sp2 torsions. With reference to

literature reported and discussed above,10 the center of binding site was set on the coordinates values X = 11.49, Y = 57.28, and Z = 43.36. Default parameters were used including maximum iteration of 1500 and a maximum population GPX6 size of 50. The 3D structure of alpha-1A-adrenergic receptor model (Fig. 1a) qualified all the structure protein quality parameters. Results of homology modeling of alpha-1A-adrenergic receptor and its structure validation using Ramachandran plot confirm the structural quality by allocating only 0.6% of total residues in disallowed region. The remaining 71.4 % of the amino acids are found in the core region, 25.1 % of them are distributed in the allowed region, while 2.9% are found in the generously allowed region (Fig. 1b). The energy minimization tool for modeled structures calculated that thermodynamical free energy of the modeled structure to −835.042 KJ/mol. Newly modeled 3D Structure of alpha-1A-adrenergic receptor was chosen for carrying out docking studies.

tb PPD in stimulated 6-day whole blood cultures, while unvaccinated infants do not make a detectable IFNγ response [6]. Though the TH1 cytokine IFNγ plays an important part in immunity to TB [7], [8] and [9], it is not sufficient on its own to protect against TB, and other cytokines, such as TNFα, also play a role in immunity to TB [5]. This study Vorinostat was designed to identify which cytokines other than IFNγ are induced following BCG vaccination in UK infants, and the associations between the various cytokines produced. The Multiplex assay has the advantage of being more sensitive than ELISA, and to be able to measure multiple

cytokines in a small blood sample, and so is appropriate for studies of infants. The study aims to characterise cytokine patterns induced following vaccination against tuberculosis, which could, in turn, suggest promising candidates for biomarkers of protection for clinical trials of new TB vaccines. Twenty-eight Caucasian infants who were born in the UK, and who were part of our BCG vaccination study in which we had measured IFNγ in supernatants 3 months post-BCG vaccination Selisistat by ELISA [6] were selected for additional cytokine analysis. Of these

infants, 19 had been BCG vaccinated between 5 and 10 weeks of age (mean 7 weeks), and 9 had not received BCG. Approval for the study was given by the Redbridge and Waltham Forest Health Authority Local Research Ethics Committee, and the Ethics Committee of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Whole blood assays and ELISAs for IFNγ were carried out as previously described [10] and [11]. Heparinised whole blood was diluted 1 in 10 and

cultured on the day of collection with the M.tb PPD (Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (SSI), RT49, lot 204) at a concentration of 5 μg/ml or medium alone (unstimulated) as the negative control. PHA-P was used as a positive control; IFNγ from PHA-P cultures PAK6 was measured by ELISA [6] but were not included in the Multiplex assay. Cultures were incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO2; supernatants were harvested on day 6 and stored at −70 °C until assayed for IFNγ in single 100 μl samples by quantitative ELISA or for 21 cytokines and chemokines in single 25 μl samples by Multiplex assay. The following 21 cytokines and chemokines were measured simultaneously in supernatants using a human cytokine Lincoplex premixed kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (cat #HCYTO-60K-PMX, Linco Research Inc., St. Charles Missouri, USA): IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-1α, IFNγ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, TNFα, Eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-1α and IP-10. Unstimulated, M.tb PPD stimulated and 1 in 10 diluted M.tb PPD stimulated samples were read on the Biorad Luminex reader using Bioplex manager 4.1 software. For each cytokine the standard curve ran from 3.2 to 10,000 pg/ml.

Exactly 1 mg of ciprofloxacin was dissolved in 1 mL of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. Then 0.5 mg of zinc Alectinib cost sulphate crystals was added slowly with constant stirring. Then the solution was diluted to 80 mL and the pH of the solution adjusted to 8 using 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. Then this solution was made up to 100 mL. From this stock solution further dilutions were made for subsequent experiments. The same procedure was followed for the preparation of cipro (market sample)–zinc complexes. A double beam UV–Vis (Jascow-500) spectrophotometer with 1 mm optical path length quartz cells was used for all absorbance measurement in the range of 200–600 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) were recorded BKM120 research buy using Nicolet

6700 (Thermo Electronic Corporation, USA) and the electrochemical behaviour of this complex were measured using

Electrochemical work station (CHI650C instruments, USA). The cyclic voltammogram was scanned in the potential range −1.2 V–2.0 V versus Ag/AgCl at a sweep rate 50 mVs−1. UV–Vis spectral studies reveal the formation of zinc complex with ciprofloxacin from Fig. 2. Pure ciprofloxacin shows absorbance at 271 nm, 316 nm and 323 nm which is supported by Thangadurai et al reports.14 There is a bathochromic shift observed from 271 nm to 277 nm after the complexation and changes in the absorbance peaks from 316 nm to 323 nm and from 329 nm to 333 nm. The IR spectra of quinolones are almost indicative in the region 1800–1300 cm−1. The characteristic band for Isotretinoin the γ(C=O) vibration of the carboxylic group in ciprofloxacin hydrochloride hydrate is at 1707 cm−1. The IR spectra of complex (Fig. 3) shows no band for the γ(C=O) of the carboxylic group in the region 1800–1300 cm−1 as carboxylic group has been deprotonated. The voltammetric behaviour of ciprofloxacin (Fig. 4) reveals one oxidation peak potential at 1240 mV and two reduction peaks at 450 mV and 50 mV in reverse scan. The formation of anodic peak is due to the oxidation of secondary amine. The first and second reduction peaks are due to the reduction of oxidized form of amine and the reduction

of C=O group respectively. Fig. 5 shows the voltammogram of ciprofloxacin–zinc (II) complex on glassy carbon surface. At pH 8, the forward scan shows the oxidation potential starting at about 1440 mV and no reduction peak. This is due to the oxidation of complex and potential also different from later one. Since carboxylic group involved in the formation of metal complex, no reduction peak is observed. From this report, the formation of complex is confirmed. Based on the above results, the pattern of the complex formation is proposed in Scheme 1. Thangadurai et al reported the similar mechanistic scheme for complexation of iron with ciprofloxacin.14 The complexation procedure was applied for the analysis of market samples which were purchased and the Fig. 6 explains their purity.

External cooling was applied throughout the process to keep the temperature below 108 °C and the stirring was continued for 30 minutes after all of the bromine had been added. The precipitate of imino-benzothiazole hydrobromide

was removed by filtration with a pump, dissolved in warm water, and the base was Alectinib cost precipitated with alkali. The residue was recrystallized from alcohol or ligroin to yield the derivatives of 2-amino-4-(5-or 6-) substituted benzothiazole (3a–h). To a mixture of phenylacetic acid/4-methoxyphenylacetic acid (0.0073 mol), anisole (0.0088 mol) and 88–93% orthophosphoric acid (0.0088 mol) was added trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.0295) rapidly with vigorous stirring at 25 °C. The mixture turned into a dark colored solution and a vigorous exothermic reaction was observed. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at the same temperature and poured into ice-cold www.selleckchem.com/products/Everolimus(RAD001).html water (50 mL) with stirring, the products appeared as solid and the filtered solid, after washing with cold hexane (2 × 10 mL), was often analytically pure (6a–i). To a solution of (6a–i) (0.2 mol) in chloroform (30 ml) kept at 50 °C was added dropwise bromine (0.22 mol) with stirring. After being stirred at 50 °C for 0.5 h, the mixture was washed successively with aqueous 10% sodium thiosulphate solution and water. The solvent

was removed in vacuo to obtain the compounds (7a–i) either as sold mass/oil crystalline/liquid compounds. A mixture of 2-amino substituted benzothiazole (3a–h) (10 mmol) and an appropriate α-bromo-1-[4′-substituted] phenyl-2-[4″-(un)substituted] phenyl-1-ethanone (7a–i) (10 mmol) in dry ethanol (50 mL) was heated to reflux on a water bath for 6–8 h, phosphorus pentoxide (3 m mol) was added, and refluxing was continued for another 4–6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled also overnight at room temperature. Excess of solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid hydrobromide separated was filtered, washed with cold ethanol, and dried. Neutralization of hydrobromide salts with cold aqueous solution of Na2CO3 yielded the corresponding free bases (8a–y), which were purified by recrystallization from dry ethanol. This

compound was prepared as per the above mentioned procedure purified and isolated as yellow solid: yield 49.0% mp 208 °C; IR (KBr) vmax 2950, 2834, 1714, 1280, 761 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ ppm; 11 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.34–7.89 (m, 11H, Ar–H), 2.62 (s, 3H, CH3); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ ppm; 168.3, 157.7, 144.8, 139.7, 137.7, 134.8, 134.3, 133.4, 131.4, 130.6, 130.1, 130.4, 129.7, 129.3, 128.4, 126.6, 125.6, 124.3, 122.4, 22.4; HRMS (EI) m/z calcd for C23H15ClN2O2S: 418.0543; found: 418.0150. This compound was prepared as per the above mentioned procedure purified and isolated as dark yellow solid: yield 78.29% mp 201 °C; IR (KBr) vmax 2950, 2812, 1716, 1320, 745 cm−1; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ ppm; 11 (s, 1H, COOH), 7.20–7.70 (m, 11H, Ar–H), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH3); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ ppm; 168.3, 162.4, 157.3, 144.2, 139.

This paper presents an ethical framework for addressing questions concerning placebo-controlled trials, as developed by a recent WHO expert panel. The framework sets out the conditions under which placebo use is clearly acceptable and clearly unacceptable in vaccine trials. It then specifies four situations in which the use of placebo controls may be ethically justified even when an efficacious vaccine exists. In these situations, it is necessary that the study question cannot be answered in an active-controlled trial design; that the risks of delaying or foregoing the efficacious vaccine are adequately

mitigated; that the risks of using a placebo control are justified by the social or public health value of the research; and that the research is

responsive to local health needs. The ultimate judgement about the acceptability of using a placebo control when this website an efficacious vaccine exists will depend on the specifics of the given trial. It is therefore critical that investigators and sponsors develop the design of vaccine trials in close collaboration with host country stakeholders, and that RECs and others thoroughly evaluate study protocols based on the available VRT752271 purchase evidence and all relevant reasons. It is our hope that these recommendations will help to ensure that participants in vaccine trials are protected from unjustifiable risks, while facilitating the conduct of valuable and urgently needed vaccine research. Annette Rid, Abha Saxena and Peter Smith drafted the initial manuscript based on the WHO meeting report. All authors reviewed and revised the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript as submitted. The WHO Expert Consultation was supported by PATH, a non-profit organization funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Annette Rid received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme

(FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement no. 301816. Peter G. Smith receives support from the MRC and DiFD (MR/K012126/1). Mark Sheehan is grateful for the support of the Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. Several authors of this paper have been involved in placebo-controlled vaccine trials that were conducted in situations in which a vaccine already existed that was at least partially efficacious against the conditions under see more study. Many thanks to John Boslego and David Wendler for comments on a previous version of this manuscript. “
“In contrast to many other vaccines, influenza vaccines are frequently updated to be effective against newly evolving human influenza viruses that are likely to circulate in the following influenza season. WHO convenes technical consultations (vaccine composition meetings (VCM)) twice a year to provide guidance to national public health authorities and vaccine manufacturers on the viruses to be included in trivalent or quadrivalent influenza vaccines for the following influenza seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

The majority of cases of fever resolved within one day of onset. The incidences of unsolicited AEs after individual vaccinations were similar in both groups ranging from 14.0% to 19.8% in the Tritanrix HB + Hib + Quinvaxem and

from selleck chemicals llc 12.0% to 19.6% in the Quinvaxem only group. Upper respiratory tract infections were most frequently reported; most unsolicited AEs were of mild severity. Two subjects, both in the Tritanrix HB + Hib + Quinvaxem group, experienced SAEs: one subject died (severe respiratory failure secondary to severe pneumonia secondary to severe viral encephalitis starting one week after the third Quinvaxem vaccination), the other was withdrawn from the study (idiopathic thrompocytopoenic purpura developing 12 days after vaccination with Tritanrix

HB + Hib). All SAEs were considered unrelated to the study vaccines. This study provides scientific evidence on the interchangeability of wP pentavalent vaccines in a primary vaccination course in infants according to a 6–10–14 week schedule. Our most important finding is that Quinvaxem given interchangeably with Tritanrix HB + Hib was shown to be non-inferior to a full vaccination course of Quinvaxem. Seroprotection rates for all antigens and seroconversion rates for pertussis were high, with most if not all subjects achieving seroprotection or seroconversion one month after the third vaccination, irrespective of the vaccination group. Immune responses observed in our study to Tritanrix™ HB + Hib + Quinvaxem were comparable to responses seen in previous studies with Tritanrix™ HB + Hib only [14] and [15] or Quinvaxem only regimens

[3]. In our study, a high percentage of infants (88.7–91.9%) CT99021 supplier were seroprotected at baseline against tetanus. In 1999, the Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus (MNT) Elimination Initiative was jointly set up by the WHO and UNICEF, aiming to eliminate MNT in those countries which had not yet done so [16]. The Philippines has an active maternal tetanus immunization program, and although MNT has not yet been eliminated, the percentage coverage of protection at birth against neonatal tetanus from has increased over the last years from 22% in 2009 to 39% in 2011 [17]. The high percentage of seroprotection against tetanus observed in infants included in our study is possibly attributable to this. Additionally, the baseline seroprotection rate against Hib was also high, at 83.0–84.8%. This is in line with data reported in the literature. In one study with Tritanrix™ HB + Hib in Filipino infants, Hib seroprotection rates of 64.5–65.3% were reported [14]. Furthermore, Ortega-Barrìa et al. [18] report on the results of four phase III studies using a novel pentavalent combination vaccine compared with Tritanrix™ HB + Hib conducted in Panama/Nicaragua, Turkey, Belgium and the Philippines. The baseline seroprotection rates against Hib were 62.4–63.6% in the Philippines – much higher than values reported in the other countries (19.6–47.1%).