The polyimides were prepared via a conventional two-step synthesis: preparation of poly(amic-acid), followed by solution imidization. The polyimides were characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, TGA, and TMA, and their solubility, buy AG-881 intrinsic viscosity, and adhesive properties were

also evaluated. The polyimides exhibited high T-g (342-362 degrees C), good thermal stability (>500 degrees C), excellent adhesive property (134-107 g/mm), and low CTE (28-17 ppm/degrees C). (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 3298-3308, 2012″
“Dynamic behaviors of gas/plasma mixture generated by microwave discharge jet at atmospheric pressure have been investigated in terms of the effects of working gas dynamics on the discharge characteristics, focusing on the following four points: formation of discharge jet at the ignition phase, growing speed of plasma plume in relation to gas flow rate, acceleration and deceleration of upward movement of plasma plume, and decay process of plasma column at turn-off of microwave power. Four stages are identified at the find more discharge ignition. The acceleration coming from buoyancy effect and the deceleration due to gas flow turbulence have been found. The decay speed of plasma column at a power shut-off is found to be influenced by the gas flow turbulence and the recombination rate. (C) 2011 American Institute

of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3622302]“
“Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the phenylalanine catabolic enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). The use of phenylalanine ammonia-lase (PAL) by oral and parenteral routes as a therapeutic drug for PKU has been severely limited due to inactivation by intestinal proteolysis

and immune reactions. PEGylation was applied to PAL to click here reduce the degrees of antigenicity and proteolytic inactivation. Kinetic experiments with native PAL and pegylated PALs were performed, and pH stability, temperature stability, and protease susceptibility were evaluated. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to measure the immune complex between pegylated PALs and antiserum that had been extracted from a PAL-immunized mouse. Pegylated PAL, especially branched pegylated PAL (10 kDa, 1:32), was more active for phenylalanine and more stable in pancreatic proteases than native PAL. Native PAL was optimal at pH 8.5, corresponding to the average pH range of the small intestine; the same finding was noted for pegylated PALs. All linear and branched pegylated PALs had low reactivity with mouse antiserum, especially the 1:16 formulation with linear 5-kDa PEG and the 1:32 formulation with branched 10-kDa PEG. Therefore, we suggest the 1:32 formulation with branched 10-kDa PEG as the most promising formulation for enzyme replacement therapy.

18:560-565, 2008; Stroh et al., 19:632-640, 2009; Aurora et al., Surg. Endosc. 26:1509-1515, 2012) of patients following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Leaks may lead to

major morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. Endoscopic stent placement is a potential management strategy that needs expertise and also has recognized complications (stent migration, significant dysphagia, and failure) (Rosenthal et al., Surg. Obes Relat. Dis. 8:8-19, 2012). A standard method of managing leaks following LSG has not been established. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of consecutive patients with leaks following LSG managed at BMI Abu Dhabi Tertiary Multidisciplinary Bariatric Surgery, Abu Dhabi, UAE.

We examined all patients presenting to BMI Abu Dhabi between February 2010 and May see more 2012 with leaks following LSG. Data were obtained from the hospital medical record, and IRB approval was obtained. All patients were managed by utilizing a standardized operative management strategy without the use of endoscopic stenting.

A total of five patients were referred to us for higher level of care; during the same time period, we performed 71 LSGs without a leak. Patients were optimized and resuscitated adequately before surgery. Intraoperatively, all patients had endoscopy, and a T tube was placed inside the leak if clearly identifiable.

Otherwise, the leak site was drained adequately without attempting to place sutures, and a jejunostomy tube was inserted. All leaks healed following an initial period of hospital stay, followed by an outpatient period on jejunostomy tube feeding and nil per Epoxomicin nmr os.

Single-stage operative management of leaks after LSG utilizing a standardized operative strategy without the use of endoscopic stenting is both safe and effective.”
“In cystic fibrosis (CF), a defect in ion transport results in thick and dehydrated airway mucus, which is difficult to clear, making such patients prone to chronic inflammation and bacterial infections. Physiotherapy using a variety of airway clearance techniques (ACTs) represents a key treatment regime by helping clear the airways of thickened, adhered, mucus and, thus, reducing the impact of lung infections and

improving lung function. This article aims to bridge the gap between our understanding of the physiological effects of mechanical stresses elicited by ACTs on airway epithelia and the www.selleckchem.com/products/fosbretabulin-disodium-combretastatin-a-4-phosphate-disodium-ca4p-disodium.html reported effectiveness of ACTs in CF patients. In the first part of this review, the effects of mechanical stress on airway epithelia are discussed in relation to changes in ion transport and stimulation in airway surface layer hydration. The second half is devoted to detailing the most commonly used ACTs to stimulate the removal of mucus from the airways of patients with CF.”
“Vertical hydrodynamic focusing in microfluidic devices is investigated through simulation and through direct experimental verification using a confocal microscope and a novel form of stroboscopic imaging.

Phenolphthalein and spectrophotometry were used to determine the content of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) in products. By changing environmental conditions and types of adsorbents, the adsorption capacities of polymers on basic fuchsine were studied. The results indicate that the absorption capacity was decreased accordingly when the pH value was reduced. The increase of temperature had no obvious influence on improving Elafibranor clinical trial the absorption capacity from 40 to 60 degrees C. When the mass

ratio of chloropropyl hydroxyl GG to beta-CDMs to sodium carbonate was 0.6 : 0.8 : 1.0, with the reaction time of 2 h, the best adsorption capacity of 24 mg/g was achieved; this was in accordance with the results of the measurement of the content of beta-CD in the products. The higher content of beta-CDM

was beneficial for improving the absorption capacity. By comparing its properties with the absorption PLX4032 chemical structure capacity of traditional flocculating agents polyacrylamide and polaluminum chloride, the best absorption results for GG bonded with beta-CDMs were obtained. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 2250-2256, 2012″
“Introduction and objectives: We report our experience in the surgical correction of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA), with an emphasis on the coronary reimplantation technique and its outcome.

Methods: We designed a retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive study that included patients with ALCAPA who underwent surgery involving coronary reimplantation over a 19-year period. We describe perioperative details such as variations in the surgical technique

and the postoperative outcome in terms of morbidity and mortality.

Results: Nutlin 3 We studied 15 patients (86% females) with a mean age of 6.2 years (range, 2 months to 24 years). Heart failure was the principal cause for hospitalization in 80% of our patients. Left ventricular dysfunction was present in 67%, and 27% had significant or severe mitral valve regurgitation. We describe 3 surgical techniques for coronary reimplantation, the choice of which depends on the site of origin of the anomalous left coronary artery. Four patients underwent an additional mitral valve procedure. The most common immediate postoperative complications were low cardiac output (38%), pleural effusion (17%), and transient ischemia (13%). There was no operative or medium-term mortality.

Conclusions: Coronary reimplantation is the technique of choice for surgical correction of ALCAPA due to the excellent postoperative survival and low operative morbidity. (C) 2011 Sociedad Espanola de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S. L. All rights reserved.”
“Previous studies have reported decision-making deficits in patients affected by mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).

Objectives: We analyzed outcomes in a large cohort to assess the impact of DM on treatment outcomes of patients with MDR-TB. Methods: MDR-TB patients newly diagnosed or retreated between 2000

and 2002 and followed for 8-11 years were retrospectively analyzed with respect to the effect of DM as a comorbidity on their treatment outcome and long-term survival. Results: Of 1,407 patients with MDR-TB, 239 (17.0%) had coexisting DM. The mean age and body mass index were higher in MDR-TB patients with DM [MDRTBDM(+)] than in those without DM [MDR-TBDM(-)]. Patients with MDR-TB and a comorbidity of DM had a significantly lower treatment success rate than those without a history of DM (36.0 vs. 47.2%, p = 0.002). In addition, DM was the negative predictor for MDR-TB treatment success in multivariate analyses [odds ratio 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26-0.99]. Mean Selleck PARP inhibitor survival times were also lower in MDR-TBDM(+) than in MDR-TBDM(-) patients (102 vs. 114 months, p = 0.001), with DM as a significant predictor of poor long-term survival in multivariate analyses (hazard ratio 1.59, 95% CI 1.01-2.50). Conclusions: Among MDR-TB patients, DM was a relatively see more common

comorbidity. In patients undergoing treatment for MDR-TB and followed for 8-11 years, it was found to be independently associated with an increased risk of both treatment failure and death. Copyright (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The cost of providing and receiving treatment for opioid dependence can determine its adoption. To compare the cost of clinic-based methadone (MC, n = 23), office-based

methadone (MO, it = 2 1), and office-based buprenorphine (130, it = 34) we performed an analysis of treatment and patient costs over 6 months of maintenance in patients who had previously been stabilized for at least I year. We performed statistical comparisons PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 datasheet using ANOVA and chi-square tests and performed a sensitivity analysis varying cost estimates and intensity of clinical contact. The cost of providing I month of treatment per patient was $147 (MC), $220 (MO) and $336 (130) (p < 0.001). Mean monthly medication cost was $93 (MC), $86 (MO) and $257 (130) (1), < 0.001). The cost to patients was $92 (MC), $63 (MO) and $38 (130) (P = 0.102). Sensitivity analyses, varying cost estimates and clinical contact, result in total monthly costs of $117 to $183 (MC), $149 to $279 (MO), $292 to $499 (BO). Monthly patient costs were $84 to $133 (MC), $55 to $105 (MO) and $34 to $65 (130). We conclude that providing clinic-based methadone is least expensive. The price of buprenorphine accounts for a major portion of the difference in costs. For patients, office-based treatment may be less expensive. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of reviewIn this review, we will discuss the relation between bone loss and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.Recent findingsWe highlight recent discoveries on the pathomechanisms of bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis and challenge traditional concepts by suggesting that https://www.selleckchem.com/products/defactinib.html bone loss may precede inflammation.SummaryDuring the clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation is the key

trigger for progressive local and systemic bone damage. Inflammatory cytokines induce the expression of molecules supporting the differentiation of osteoclasts, which are the primary bone-resorbing cells. However, bone loss can be observed in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting that the start of the destructive phase of disease may be much earlier than previously expected. Recent data

suggest that bone loss already starts during the autoimmune phase of the disease long before inflammation starts. Antibodies against citrullinated proteins thereby seem to be an important trigger for bone loss in the preclinical disease phase of rheumatoid arthritis. Although traditional check details concepts preferred a hen-egg’ concept with inflammation coming first, later triggering bone loss, new data suggest an alternative egg-hen’ concept, where bone loss arises before the clinical disease onset and may be important buy Bindarit for priming of the joint for susceptibility to chronic inflammation.”
“The present study deals with the optimization of substrate and fermentation

conditions for the production of both pectinase and cellulase by Aspergillus niger NCIM 548 under same fermentation conditions in submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fementation (SSF) using a central composite face centered design of response surface methodology (RSM). As per statistical design, the optimum conditions for maximum production of pectinase (1.64 U/mL in SmF and 179.83 U/g in SSF) and cellulase (0.36 U/mL in SmF and 10.81 U/g in SSF) were, time 126 h, pH 4.6, and carbon source concentration 65 g/L in SmF and were time 156 h, pH 4.80, and moisture content 65% in SSF. The response surface modeling was applied effectively to optimize the production of both pectinase and cellulase by A. niger under same fermentation conditions to make the process cost-effective in both submerged and solid state fermentation using agro industrial wastes as substrate.”
“Background: The effects of lung transplant recipient race on post-transplant outcomes have not been adequately evaluated. This cohort study seeks to determine the characteristics of African American lung transplant recipients and the effects of African American race on post-transplant outcomes, particularly acute and chronic rejection, compared with white recipients, at a single center.

An analysis of the admission criteria to recent randomized studies with either nonoperative care or another surgical intervention provided a methodology for refining criteria to be met by patients considering surgery.

Conclusion. There currently

are many classification systems for CLBP; some that are descriptive, some prognostic, and some that attempt to direct treatment. We recommend that no one classification system be adopted for all purposes. We further recommend that future EPZ5676 ic50 efforts in developing a classification system focus on one that helps to direct both surgical and nonsurgical treatments.

Clinical Recommendations. There currently are many classification systems for CLBP; some that are descriptive, some prognostic, and some that attempt to direct treatment. We recommend that no one classification system be adopted for all purposes. selleck We further recommend that future efforts in developing a classification system focus on one that helps to direct both surgical and nonsurgical treatments.”
“Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis is a disease usually found in children and characterized by idiopathic proliferation of histiocytes in the reticuloendothelial system. Intracranial Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis presenting as multifocal intraparenchymal lesions is

very rare. In this article, the authors report on a 4-year-old boy diagnosed with multifocal intraparenchymal Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis concomitant with an arachnoid cyst. After a series of laboratory examinations, the right frontal mass was surgically excised. Histological examinations confirmed the diagnosis of intracranial Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. The patient’s intracranial check details hypertension symptoms were alleviated, and the remaining foci were treated by Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis-directed standard chemotherapy. At the 8-month follow-up visit, no recurrence of the excised lesion was found, and no change in the size of other lesions was seen. Supratentorial intracerebral lesions with mass effect and enhancement have rarely been described; in this report, the histological features of and therapeutic options for such a case are discussed.”
“We performed

a retrospective case-cohort study of 50 obese pediatric patients aged 2 to 18 years who received scheduled gentamicin therapy, with serum peak and trough concentrations measured. Obese pediatric patients had significantly higher gentamicin serum peak and trough concentrations despite receiving significantly lower mg/kg of actual body weight doses of gentamicin.”
“We previously reported Clostridium difficile in 20% of retail meat in Canada, which raised concerns about potential foodborne transmissibility. Here, we studied the genetic diversity of C. difficile in retail meats, using a broad Canadian sampling infrastructure and 3 culture methods, We found 6.1% prevalence and indications of possible seasonality (highest prevalence in winter).

Records of infertile patients with minimal and mild endometriosis (American Society for Reproductive Medicine stages I and II)

with no prior IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatments were analysed. During the first treatment cycle, women who had undergone complete removal (n = 399) of endometriotic lesions experienced, compared with women with diagnostic laparoscopy only (n = 262), a significantly improved implantation rate (30.9% versus 23.9%, P = 0.02), pregnancy rate (40.1% versus 29.4%, P = 0.004) and live-birth rate per ovum retrieval (27.7% versus 20.6%, P = 0.04). Surgical removal of minimal and mild endometriotic Silmitasertib molecular weight lesions also gave shorter time to first pregnancy and a higher cumulative pregnancy rate. The study shows that women with stages I and II endometriosis

undergoing IVF/ICSI have significantly shorter time to pregnancy and higher live-birth rate if all visible endometriosis is completely eliminated at the time of diagnostic surgery. (C) 2011, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Ankle fractures are among the most common injuries treated by orthopaeclic surgeons. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the risks of complications after open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures in a large population-based study.

Methods: With use of California’s discharge database, SB203580 we identified FDA-approved Drug Library 57,183 patients who had undergone open reduction and internal fixation of a lateral malleolar, bimalleolar, or trimalleolar ankle fracture as inpatients in the years 1995 through 2005. Short-term complications were examined on the basis of the rates of readmission within ninety days after discharge.

The intermediate-term rate of reoperation for ankle fusion or arthroplasty was also analyzed. Logistic regression and proportional hazard regression models were used to determine the strength of the relationships between the rates of complications and fracture type, patient demographics and comorbidities, and hospital characteristics.

Results: The overall rate of short-term complications was low, including the rates of pulmonary embolism (0.34%), mortality (1.07%), wound infection (1.44%), amputation (0.16%), and revision open reduction and internal fixation (0.82%). The intermediate-term rates of reoperation were also low, with ankle fusion or ankle replacement being performed in 0.96% of the patients who were observed for five years. Open fractures, age, and medical comorbidities were significant predictors of short-term complications. The presence of complicated diabetes was a particularly strong predictor (odds ratio, 2.30; p < 0.001), as was peripheral vascular disease (odds ratio, 1.65; p < 0.001).

“
“The pharmacological stressor yohimbine increases ongoing alcohol self-administration and reinstates alcohol seeking in rats. This effect is attenuated by systemic injections of a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist. The brain sites involved in CRF’s role in yohimbine-induced alcohol taking and seeking are unknown. We report that injections of the CRF receptor antagonist d-Phe CRF into the median raphe nucleus (MRN) attenuated yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking but had no effect on yohimbine-induced increases

in alcohol intake during ongoing self-administration. Results indicate an important role of MRN CRF receptors in yohimbine-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking but not yohimbine-induced increases in alcohol intake.”
“Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It is www.selleckchem.com/products/Belinostat.html characterized by proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells within the small vessels of various organs. The skin and central nervous system are commonly involved although it occurs in other organs such as the kidneys, adrenals, lung and liver. In Western patients, there is a cutaneous variant of IVLBCL, which involves only the skin. However, the Asian variant, which rarely involves the skin, is associated with hemophagocytosis. It was reported in the majority of Japanese patients. Here, we report a case of CAL 101 the cutaneous variant of IVLBCL in a

Korean individual.”
“Heel pain is a common presenting symptom in ambulatory clinics. There are many causes, but a mechanical etiology is most common. Location of pain can be a guide to the proper diagnosis. The most common diagnosis is plantar fasciitis, a condition that leads to medial plantar heel pain, especially with the first weight-bearing https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ca3.html steps in the morning and after long periods of rest. Other causes of plantar heel pain include calcaneal stress fracture (progressively worsening pain following an increase in activity level or change to a harder walking surface), nerve entrapment (pain accompanied by burning, tingling, or numbness), heel pad syndrome (deep,

bruise-like pain in the middle of the heel), neuromas, and plantar warts. Achilles tendinopathy is a common condition that causes posterior heel pain. Other tendinopathies demonstrate pain localized to the insertion site of the affected tendon. Posterior heel pain can also be attributed to a Haglund deformity, a prominence of the calcaneus that may cause bursa inflammation between the calcaneus and Achilles tendon, or to Sever disease, a calcaneal apophysitis in children. Medial midfoot heel pain, particularly with continued weight bearing, may be due to tarsal tunnel syndrome, which is caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it courses through the flexor retinaculum, medial calcaneus, posterior talus, and medial malleolus. Sinus tarsi syndrome occurs in the space between the calcaneus, talus, and talocalcaneonavicular and subtalar joints.

“
“Recent studies have lead to a renewed interest in cytoreductive Selleck MEK inhibitor surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy as a regional treatment modality for patients with peritoneal surface malignancies.

There have been multiple phase III randomized trials that have shown a survival advantage with intraperitoneal chemotherapy in certain patients. More well designed phase III studies are needed to further define which groups of patients may benefit from cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The influence of aging by electrical stress on the formation of defects has been studied in two types of polymers: blue emitting spiro copolymer and white emitting spiro blend polymer. The white emitting spiro Rigosertib molecular weight polymer was obtained by adding green and red chromophores into the host blue copolymer. The defect states were investigated by using two complementary techniques: charge based

deep level transient spectroscopy and thermally stimulated current (TSC). Six trap levels were retrieved in blue emitting diodes with a depth of 0.17-0.85 eV, and the onset of an additional trap with a depth of 0.49 eV was observed in white emitting ones. The density of these traps is of the order of 10(16)-10(17) cm(-3). The fractional TSC experiments allowed us to determine the distribution of five trap types in white emitting diodes, which could be described by Gaussian functions. The see more aging of devices was performed by electrical stress and not by exposure of samples to air or oxygen, in contrast to previous investigations on other organic materials. Upon aging, no new traps have been created or suppressed in both doped and undoped polymers. Furthermore, an enhancement in trap density has been observed. The analysis of the trap characteristics has highlighted that the aging would not uniformly affect the defect

levels in the polymer. The density of deeper traps (above 0.3 eV) is increased, and their distribution is also modified, while the shallow traps (below 0.3 eV) remain stable. Furthermore, the investigation of the doping influence on the degradation process has shown that the chromophore addition seems to stabilize the polymer, whose degradation rate is slower than that of the undoped material.”
“Paraneoplastic syndromes have been described in association with variety of malignant neoplasms. The non-metastatic cholestatic paraneoplastic syndrome first described as Stauffer’s syndrome in association with renal cell carcinomas is also associated with other malignancies. We describe the autopsy findings of a patient with recurrent and metastatic leiomyosarcomas presenting with cholestatic liver dysfunction. The diagnosis requires the exclusion of all other possible causes of hepatitis and, where possible, resolution after the effective treatment of the underlying malignancy.

The stable nature of the prepared formulations was evident from the high positive value of zeta potential (>20 mV). HCT and HCT-beta-CD loaded nanoparticles with 150 mg of drug have shown a maximum entrapment efficiency of 81.8 +/- 1.7% and 91.1 +/- 1.5% respectively. In vitro studies have shown an improved and a sustained

release pattern. In vivo activity in DOCA induced hypertensive rats demonstrates 1.5-fold percentage decrease in systolic STI571 in vitro blood pressure and a prolonged duration of action.”
“Aim: We used the Utstein template, with special reference to patients having automated patient monitoring, and studied the factors which are associated with delayed medical emergency team (MET) activation and increased hospital mortality.

Design and setting: A prospective observational study in a tertiary hospital with 45 of 769 general ward beds (5.9%) equipped learn more with automated monitoring.

Cohort: 569 MET reviews for 458 patients.

Results: Basic MET review characteristics were comparable to literature. We found that 41% of the reviews concerned monitored

ward patients. These patients’ vitals had been more frequently documented during the 6 h period preceding MET activation compared to patients in normal ward areas (96% vs. 74%, p < 0.001), but even when adjusted to the documentation frequency of vitals, afferent limb failure (ALF) occurred more often among monitored ward patients (81% vs. 53%, p < 0.001). In MET population, factors associated with increased hospital mortality were non-elective hospital admission (OR 6.25, 95% CI 2.77-14.11), not-for-resuscitation order (3.34, 1.78-6.35), ICD XIV genitourinary diseases (2.42, 1.16-5.06), ICD II neoplasms (2.80, 1.59-4.91), age (1.02, 1.00-1.04),

preceding length of hospital stay (1.04, 1.01-1.07), ALF (1.67, 1.02-2.72) and transfer to intensive care (1.85, 1.05-3.27).

Conclusions: Documentation of vital signs before MET activation is suboptimal. Documentation LY-374973 frequency seems to increase if automated monitors are implemented, but our results suggest that benefits of intense monitoring are lost without appropriate and timely interventions, as afferent limb failure, delay to call MET when predefined criteria are fulfilled, was independently associated to increased hospital mortality. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Met) was isolated from the fermentation broth of a marine-derived actinomycete Nocardiopsis sp. 03N67 by chromatographic analysis and showed anti-angiogenesis activity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The structure and absolute stereochemistry of this compound were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis, and Marfey’s method, respectively. (C) 2010 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.