“
“Purpose: To investigate the association between magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-depicted intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) in the carotid artery wall and the risk of eFT-508 mw future ipsilateral cerebrovascular events in men with asymptomatic moderate carotid stenosis by using a rapid three-dimensional T1-weighted fat-suppressed spoiled gradient-echo sequence.

Materials and Methods: The institutional ethics review board approved this retrospective chart review and waived the requirement for written informed consent. All patients gave informed verbal consent at follow-up telephone interviews.

Ninety-one men (mean age, 74.8 years; range, 47-88 years) who attended a vascular clinic between 2003 and 2006, who had asymptomatic carotid stenosis (50%-70% at Doppler ultrasonography), and who had undergone MR imaging for IPH detection were retrospectively identified. Seventy-five men with 98 eligible carotid arteries were included in the study. Patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year (mean follow-up, 24.92 months; range, 12-43 months). Kaplan-Meier

survival and univariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to compare future ipsilateral cerebrovascular event rates between carotid arteries with and those without MR-depicted IPH.

Results: Of the 98 carotid arteries included, 36 (36.7%) had MR-depicted IPH. Six cerebrovascular events (two strokes and four transient ischemic attacks) occurred in the carotid arteries with IPH, as compared with no clinical events in the carotid arteries

without IPH. Univariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that MR-depicted IPH was associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events (hazard ratio, 3.59; 95% GKT137831 clinical trial confidence interval: 2.48, 4.71; P < .001). MR-depicted IPH negatively predicted outcomes (negative predictive value = 100%).

Conclusion: In this cohort with asymptomatic moderate carotid stenosis, MR-depicted IPH was associated with future ipsilateral cerebrovascular events. Conversely, patients without MR-depicted IPH remained PCI-34051 research buy asymptomatic during follow-up. The absence of IPH at MR imaging, therefore, may be a reassuring marker of plaque stability and of a lower risk of thromboembolism. (C) RSNA, 2009″
“The cellular effects of nobiletin on human pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1) and the mechanisms by which nobiletin inhibits the proliferation of these cells were investigated. A MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to examine cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. A Western blot assay was used to examine expression levels of the apoptotic proteins bax, bcl-2, and p53. NOB induced apoptosis in these cells via up-regulation of the proapoptotic protein bax and down-regulation of the antiapoptotic proteins bcl-2 and p53. The normal cell cycle of PANC-1 cells was arrested by NOB with a significant increase in the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells (p < 0.05) and a significant decrease in the proportion of S phase cells (p < 0.05).

“
“The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of TMC, with different degrees of quaternization, to increase insulin absorption in vivo following nasal and rectal administration in rats. Two batches of TMC with different degrees of quaternization (TMC-L, 12.3% quaternized and TMC-H, 61.2% quaternized) and chitosan hydrochloride were administered intranasally (0.25 and 0.5% w/v) and rectally (0.5% w/v) with insulin (4 IU/kg body weight), at a pH of 4.40 and 7.40, in rats. Blood samples were taken over a period of 2 h for measurement of blood glucose levels and plasma insulin Linsitinib in vivo levels. Local toxicity evaluation

was done by histological examination of the nasal and rectal epithelia. At pH 4.40 all these polymers were able to increase nasal and rectal insulin absorption, compared to the control groups. However, at a pH of 7.40, only TMC-H was able to increase the nasal and rectal absorption of insulin. These results relate to the insolubility of chitosan hydrochloride

at neutral pH values, while the charge density of TMC-L is still too low for any significant interaction at pH 7.40. Histological evaluation of the nasal and rectal eptihelia shows no changes in the morphology of the cells learn more after exposure to these polymers. Only slight congestion of the nasal submucosa was observed and all these polymers led to a mild increase CH5183284 ic50 in mucus secretion at pH 4.40. Highly quaternized TMC proves to be a potent absorption enhancer in vivo, especially at neutral pH values where chitosan salts are ineffective.”
“Genomic imprinting is a widespread epigenetic phenomenon in mammals and many imprinted genes are expressed in the developing hypothalamus and placenta. The placenta and brain are very different structures with very different

roles, but in the pregnant mother they functionally interact coordinating and ensuring the provision of nutrients, timing of parturition and priming of hypothalamus for maternal care and nurturing. This interaction has been evolutionarily fine-tuned to optimise infant survival such that when resources are poor, the mother ‘informs’ this condition to the foetus producing a thrifty phenotype that is adapted to survive scarce resources after birth.”
“Efficient and specific delivery of antisenses (ASs) and protection of the sequences from degradation are critical factors for effective therapy. Sustained release nanoparticles (NP) offer increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased amounts of AS uptake, and the possibility of control in dosing and sustained duration of AS administration. The biodegradable and biocompatible poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA) was utilized to encapsulate AS directed against osteopontin (OPN), which is a promising therapeutic target in mammary carcinoma.

(C) 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: We report a case of lacrimal gland fistula formation after cosmetic lateral canthoplasty in a young Asian woman.

Patient: A 34-year-old woman, who twice underwent lateral canthoplasties of both eyes with

additional upper eyelid blepharoplasty, developed clear fluid discharge from a small draining tract near the lateral canthus after being operated on with cosmetic lateral canthoplasty. Assuming that lacrimal gland fistula has developed, we differentiated the tract from the lacrimal gland using a Bowman probe and performed lacrimal gland fistulectomy, Autophagy inhibitor which resolved the discharge, leaving no complications.

Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first case of lacrimal gland fistula after cosmetic lateral canthoplasty, and surgeons performing

this procedure should be aware of lacrimal gland herniation and fistula tract formation, especially in patients who have undergone multiple eyelid surgeries.”
“Background: Cigarette smoking is well-known to associate with accelerated skin aging as well as cardiovascular disease and lung cancer, in large part due to oxidative stress. Because metabolites are downstream of genetic variation, as well as transcriptional changes and post-translational modifications of proteins, they are the most proximal reporters of disease states or reversal of disease states.

Methods: In this study, check details we explore the potential effects of commonly available oral supplements (containing antioxidants, vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids) on the metabolomes of smokers (n = 11) compared to non-smokers (n = 17). At baseline and after 12 weeks of supplementation, metabolomic analysis was performed on serum by liquid and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy

(LC-MS and GC-MS). Furthermore, clinical parameters of skin aging, including cutometry as assessed by three dermatologist raters blinded to subjects’ age and smoking status, were measured.

Results: Long-chain fatty acids, including palmitate and oleate, decreased Wnt inhibitors clinical trials in smokers by 0.76-fold (P = 0.0045) and 0.72-fold (P = 0.0112), respectively. These changes were not observed in non-smokers. Furthermore, age and smoking status showed increased glow (P = 0.004) and a decrease in fine wrinkling (P = 0.038). Cutometry showed an increase in skin elasticity in smokers (P = 0.049) but not in non-smokers. Complexion analysis software (VISIA) revealed decreases in the number of ultraviolet spots (P = 0.031), and cutometry showed increased elasticity (P = 0.05) in smokers but not non-smokers.

Conclusions: Additional future work may shed light on the specific mechanisms by which long-chain fatty acids can lead to increased glow, improved elasticity measures and decreased fine wrinkling in smokers’ skin.

18 adult male rats were randomly divided into two groups, the test group were administered with 500 mg/kg body weight single dose of the extract daily for 21 days while the control were administered with 0.9% physiological saline. The extract caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the mean values of sperm count, motility, viability and serum

testosterone buy 5-Fluoracil concentration in the test when compared with the control. Also, in the test group, the deleterious effect of the extract on the sperm parameters and testosterone concentration was corroborated by histopathology which revealed a marked degeneration of the seminiferous tubule epithelium and disruption of interstitial cells of ZIETDFMK the testis thereby interfering with spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion while there was no visible lesion in the control group. It was concluded that extract of C. papaya leaf exert toxic effect on the seminiferous tubule epithelium with concomitant reduction in reproductive potentials of the male rat. C. papaya

leaf should therefore be cautiously used in both man and animal.”
“Successive extracts of Ficus microcarpa L. fil. bark (FMB) were tested for antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride- and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicities in rats. The ethyl acetate extract of FMB exhibited significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity by reducing carbon tetrachloride- and paracetamol-induced changes in biochemical parameters as evidenced by enzymatic and histological examination. Pretreatment with ethyl acetate extract of FMB significantly shortened the duration

of pentobarbitone-induced necrosis in mice, indicating its hepatoprotective potential. Phytochemical studies confirmed the presence of the phenolic compound, catechin, in FMB, which may interfere with free-radical formation and may account for its significant hepatoprotective effects. The present study thus provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use selleck of this plant in the management of liver disorders.”
“P>We present an investigation of anthocyanin regulation over the entire petunia plant, determining the mechanisms governing complex floral pigmentation patterning and environmentally induced vegetative anthocyanin synthesis. DEEP PURPLE (DPL) and PURPLE HAZE (PHZ) encode members of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family that regulate anthocyanin synthesis in petunia, and control anthocyanin production in vegetative tissues and contribute to floral pigmentation. In addition to these two MYB factors, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor ANTHOCYANIN1 (AN1) and WD-repeat protein AN11, are also essential for vegetative pigmentation. The induction of anthocyanins in vegetative tissues by high light was tightly correlated to the induction of transcripts for PHZ and AN1.

2, 95% CI 1.14-4.19) compared with spontaneous conception. Embryo quality was comparable in fresh and frozen embryos. Other fertility treatments showed no increased miscarriage rate. Therefore, it is concluded that even after adjustment for confounding factors conception through FET remained

an independent risk factor for EPL. Other modes of conception were not related with EPL. (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose Patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) are widely used in spine care. The development of reliable and valid National versions of spine-related disability questionnaires is strongly recommended from both the SN-38 cell line clinical and scientific Alvocidib concentration points-of-view. The aims of this study were to adapt and validate the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QDS) for use with the Hungarian language.

Methods After translating and culturally adapting the ODI and QDS, 133 patients with

lumbar degenerative spinal disorder filled in the questionnaire booklet twice within 2 weeks. Subjects completed the Hungarian versions of the two PROMs as well as the WHOQoL-BREF validated as a general life quality questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale of pain. Internal consistency, reliability and construct validity of the questionnaires were determined, as were the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) scores.

Results The Hungarian ODI consisted of one factor that showed good internal consistency (Cronbach-alpha 0.890). The QDS showed a four-factor structure with Cronbach-alpha values between 0.788 and 0.917. No significant floor or ceiling effects were observed. The test-retest analysis showed excellent reliability of the Hungarian ODI and QDS. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.927 and 0.923, respectively. SEM values of 4.8 and 5.2 resulted in a MDC of 13 and 14 points in the Hungarian ODI and QDS, respectively. The correlation

buy Fer-1 coefficient (r) between pain and ODI was 0.680 (p < 0.001) and the correlation between the ODI and the physical subscale of WHOQoL was also very good (r = -0.705, p < 0.001). The QDS total score and its four subscales correlated significantly with pain and with the physical subscale of WHOQoL (r > 0.4, p < 0.001). The level of disability measured by the Hungarian ODI and QDS was significantly higher in the surgical subgroup than in non-surgically treated patients (p < 0.001).

Conclusions Translation and cultural adaptation of the ODI and QDS were successful. Hungarian versions of the ODI and QDS proved to be reliable, valid PROMs confirming that they can be used in future clinical and scientific work with Hungarian-speaking spine patients.”
“Preclinical experiments are currently performed to examine the feasibility of several types of nuclear transfer to prevent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders.

On PET-CT, breast cancers and distant metastases were detected.

Breast cancers in these patients were detected at the advanced stage. Dynamic breast MRI was useful for detecting breast cancer in these patients. Mammography failed to demonstrate the breast cancer, but cancer detection was facilitated by associated findings: skin thickening, asymmetric volume increase, and increased density.”
“Perovskite Aurivillius https://www.selleckchem.com/autophagy.html structure Bi5Ti3FeO15 (BTF) polycrystalline thin films were prepared by a chemical solution deposition route. The microstructure, electrical, and magnetic properties were investigated and in particular

the optical properties of the BTF films were addressed. The coexistence of the ferroelectric and weak

ferromagnetic properties at room temperature demonstrates the multiferroic behavior of the BTF films. The optical dielectric functions in the photon energy range of 1.13-4.13 eV have been extracted by fitting the experimental data in terms of the Tauc-Lorentz and Cauchy models. A direct interband transition is allowed and the energy bandgap is determined to be similar to 3.3 eV for the BTF films. The weak absorption below DNA Damage inhibitor the bandgap edge was observed and described by the Urbach band tail rule. Finally, the optical dispersion behaviors of the BTF films in the transparent region were explained using a single oscillator model. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3553879]“
“Background AZD1208 concentration and Aims: The prevalence of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases with degree of obesity. Whether measurements of generalized and abdominal obesity differ in the ability to predict changes associated with increased CVD risk is widely debated. We compared the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities in 275 women and 204 men stratified by categories of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and assessed the ability of these adiposity indices in

combination with metabolic risk variables to predict insulin resistance.

Methods and Results: Healthy, non-diabetic volunteers underwent measurements of BMI, WC, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipoprotein concentrations, and direct quantification of insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Insulin resistance was defined as the top tertile of steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentrations. BMI and WC were highly correlated (P < 0.001) in both women and men. Abnormal SSPG and triglyceride concentrations were associated with increasing adiposity by either index in both genders. Among women, abnormal FPG and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were associated with increasing BMI and WC. In men, abnormal HDL-C was associated with increasing BMI only. Elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) was associated with increasing BMI in both genders. The odds of insulin resistance were greatest in women with elevated FPG and triglycerides (4.

A mixture of apple pomace and cottonseed powder (3:2, w/w)

with 59.2 % (w/w) initial moisture, together with certain ionic compounds and salts, proved to be the optimal medium. The test fungi were inoculated in LCL161 chemical structure the optimized medium and incubated at 30A degrees C for 48 h. The activity of beta-mannanase reached 561.3 U/g, an increase of 45.7 % compared with that in basal medium, and reached the same level of production as that achieved using wheat bran and soybean meal as raw materials as in most factories in China. This is the first report of the use of apple pomace as a raw material to produce beta-mannanase in SSF. This will not only reduce the production cost of beta-mannanase, but also represents a new and effective way to make the best use of apple pomace, which can consequently help to reduce the environmental pollution caused by this waste.”
“Epigenomic profiling has revealed that substantial portions of genomes in higher eukaryotes are organized into extensive domains of transcriptionally repressive chromatin. The boundaries of repressive chromatin domains can be fixed by DNA elements known as barrier insulators, to both shield neighboring gene expression and to maintain the integrity of chromosomal

silencing. Here, we examine the current progress in identifying vertebrate barrier elements and their binding factors. We overview the design of the reporter assays used to define enhancer-blocking and barrier insulators. We look at the mechanisms vertebrate barrier proteins, such as USF1 and VEZF1, NCT-501 cell line employ to counteract Polycomb- and heterochromatin-associated repression. Barasertib Cell Cycle inhibitor We also undertake a critical analysis of whether CTCF could also act as a barrier protein. There is good evidence that barrier elements in vertebrates can form repressive chromatin domain boundaries. Future studies will determine whether barriers are frequently used to define repressive domain boundaries in vertebrates.”
“Background: Infection is a major complication associated with combat-related injuries. One strategy to decrease infections is immediate

delivery of antimicrobials at or near the point-of-injury by the casualty or the first medical responder. The 75th Ranger Regiment systematically collects data on prehospital battlefield care, including antimicrobial administration. We review infectious complications and colonization rates associated with delivery of point-of-injury antimicrobial therapy.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed casualty treatment data from the 75th Ranger Regiment prehospital trauma registry on patients injured between March 2003 and March 2010 and linked this to electronic medical record data to look for the presence of bacterial infection or colonization within 30 days of injury. Patient demographics, antimicrobial therapy, and outcomes were evaluated.

The results of this study suggest that NIS may improve in vitro fermentation of low quality roughages and have potential application as feed additives in ruminant production.”
“The recycling or reuse of waste rubber by means of blending together with polymeric materials in addition of filler https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyt387.html such as hybrid carbon black and silica (CB/Sil) to a polymer system can provides an opportunity to explore alternative product

specifications. Therefore, in this work the investigation of recycled rubber blends based on styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (SBR/NBRr) blends reinforced with 50/0, 40/10, 30/20, 20/30, 40/10, 0/50 phr of carbon black/silica (CB/Sil) hybrid filler treated with and without silane coupling agent (Si69) were determined. Cure characteristics, learn more tensile properties, and morphological behavior of selected SBR/NBRr blends at a fix 85/15 blend ratio were evaluated. Results showed that, cure time t90, minimum torque (M-L), and maximum torque (M-H) of CB/Sil hybrid fillers filled SBR/NBRr blends with and without Si69

increased as silica content increased. However, t90 and M-L of SBR/NBRr blends with Si69 were lower than without Si69 except for (M-H). The optimum scorch time (ts2) of SBR/NBRr blends with and without Si69 was obtained at 30/20 phr of CB/Sil hybrid filler. However, ts2 of SBR/NBRr blends with Si69 were longer than SBR/NBRr blends without Si69. The incorporation of Si69 has improved the tensile properties [(tensile strength, elongation at break (E-b), stress at 100% elongation (M100), and stress at 300% elongation (M300)]

of CB/Sil hybrid fillers filled SBR/NBRr blends. These properties were influenced by the degree of crosslinked density as the silica content is increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tensile fracture surfaces indicated that, with the addition of Si69 improved the dispersion of hybrid fillers and NBRr in SBR/NBRr matrix. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 124: 19-27, selleck 2012″
“In the present study, the efficacy and tolerability of the local acting antiseptic octenidine hydrochloride/phenoxyethanol (OHP) for the treatment of vaginal dysbiosis (VD) and/or bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnancy and its potential influence on preterm births and low-weight newborns were examined.

One-hundred nine pregnant women with increased pH values (> 4.5) and BV characteristic symptoms were treated with OHP for 7 days and a second time in case of a recurrent pH increase. pH values were continuously controlled by women’s self-measurements.

pH decreased to a parts per thousand currency sign4.5 in 67.9% of patients. Seven of 12 women (58.3%) treated again with OHP due to a recurrent pH increase finally reached the pH target (pH a parts per thousand currency sign 4.5). No preterm birth occurred in the OHP group; no newborn had a birth weight < 2,000 g.

The difference found at similar scotoperiods with increasing or decreasing day length may be involved in the perception of the photoperiodic changes. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Modern wide field-of-view atom probes permit observation of a wide

range of crystallographic features that can be used to calibrate the tomographic reconstruction of the analyzed volume. In this study, Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor methodologies to determine values of the geometric parameters involved in the tomographic reconstruction of atom probe data sets are presented and discussed. The influence of the tip to electrode distance and specimen temperature on these parameters is explored. Significantly, their influence is demonstrated to be very limited, indicating a relatively wide regime of experimental parameters space for sound

atom probe tomography (APT) experiments. These methods have been used on several specimens and material types, and the results indicate that the reconstruction parameters are specific to each specimen. Finally, it is shown how an accurate eFT-508 research buy calibration of the reconstruction enables improvements to the quality and reliability of the microscopy and microanalysis capabilities of the atom probe.”
“Objective: To measure the impact of an automated outbound telephone messaging system on herpes zoster (HZ) vaccinations among older adults in the community pharmacy setting.

Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Setting: 16 grocery store chain community pharmacies in Georgia and Tennessee, between December 2006 and May 2007.

Patients: Adults 60 years or older who filled at BMS-345541 inhibitor least one prescription at a participating study pharmacy.

Intervention: A 30-second automated outbound telephone message was delivered to patient households monthly during the first week of March through May 2007. The message advertised that older adults should speak with their pharmacist about the risk for HZ and the availability of a new vaccine.

Main outcome measure: HZ vaccinations based on pharmacy profile records.

Results: After 3 months, 146 and 46 vaccinations were administered

to older adults among the study cohort populations, translating into HZ vaccination rates of 2.60% and 0.72% at intervention and control pharmacies, respectively (odds ratio 3.69 [95% CI 2.64-5.15], P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Use of an automated outbound telephone messaging tool to inform older adults about their risk for HZ and the availability of a vaccine significantly improved vaccination rates in the community pharmacy setting.”
“Up to date, information concerning the Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer is scant, therefore, to verify its prevalence in these ungulates serological and PCR screenings were performed on blood of 72 fallow deer hunted in a Central-Northern Italian preserve. Molecular analyses were also performed on 90 ticks removed from the animals.

A. phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer was confirmed in 20 out 72 by IFA assay and in 11 out 72 by PCR.

Oligomers, in some cases up to 16 or 17 glucose units long, almost totally stripped of galloyl residues were observed. This indicated that a wide distribution up to very long galloylglucose chains exist in most commercial hydrolyzable tannin extracts. This indicated that these commercial tannin extracts

are mainly composed of long galloyl glucose chains of mixed di-, tri-, and pentagalloyl glucose repeating units being present in the same chain. The presence of long glucose chains where most of the galloyl residues have been stripped indicates that their linkage may be Sugar Selleck Napabucasin residue to sugar residue. Commercial tara and turkey gall tannins have been shown to be mainly polygallic oligomers of up to eight gallic acid residues linked to each other in a chain. Commercial sumach extract revealed itself a more complex mixture of glucose oligomers up to 13 repeating units. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc, J Appl Polym Sci 113: 3847-3859, 2009″
“Few studies have assessed the convergent validity of the timeline followback for smoking (TLFB-S) among treatment-seeking smokers, and

there are no studies assessing its discriminant validity. Further, no studies to date have documented the psychometric properties https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html of the TLFB in the German population. The aim of this study was therefore to test the convergent and discriminant validity of the TLFB-S among adult, treatment-seeking smokers in Germany. In the context of a smoking cessation trial, participants (N=268) completed sociodemographic, TLFB-S and other, self-aggregated, single-item (SA) smoking measures at pretreatment. During the 12-month posttreatment period, participants completed TLFB-S and biochemically validated SA measures of smoking intensity and abstinence at regular intervals. Discriminant validity analyses showed no significant associations for substance-use

and sociodemographic variables and measurement discrepancy between TLFB-S and SA measures of pretreatment smoking intensity. Convergent validity analyses indicated that Caspase inhibitor TLFB-S and SA measures of smoking intensity were in high agreement at both pretreatment and posttreatment. Finally, there was high concordance between TLFB-S and SA measures of abstinence at both 1- and 12-month posttreatment. This study replicated and extended the current literature on the TLFB and showed that, even across cultures, it can be a valid measure of various smoking-related variables. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: There is limited population-based literature on rates and risk factors for revision following primary total hip replacement.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries who had elective total hip replacement for osteoarthritis between July 1, 1995, and June 30, 1996. Patients were followed with use of Medicare claims through 2008.