This population-based high resolution study from Germany aims at providing data on the usage of BRC treatment, the extent of adherence to CPG and, as a novelty, survival of BRC patients according to major recommended treatment options. Methods: Data from the Saarland Cancer Registry including Pevonedistat order women diagnosed with invasive BRC without distant metastasis and followed up between 2000 and 2009 were used. Provision of cancer care according to major treatment options is presented by age, clinical subtypes of BRC, and over time. Conventional and modeled period analysis was used to derive estimates of most up-to-date 5-year relative survival (RS) and the

effect of non-adherence to CPG on relative Liproxstatin-1 Metabolism inhibitor excess risk of death (RER). Results: The study revealed increasing guideline adherence, with high levels already seen for local treatment (e.g. 67% of the BRC patients in 2008/09 received breast conserving surgery), and substantial progress since the millennium change with regard to sentinel node dissection (SND) and adjuvant systemic treatments (e. g. SND and chemotherapy provided to 62% of all patients and 79% of the patients with nodal positive or hormone receptor negative BRC in 2008/09, respectively). It further demonstrated increased cancer related mortality

among patients without guideline compliant cancer treatment (e. g. patients with nodal positive and hormone receptor negative BRC who were not treated with chemotherapy had a 5-year RS of 29% (RER: 2.89, 95%

CI: 1.46-5.71) compared to 54% for patients obtaining chemotherapy). Conclusions: This study provides data on the implementation of CPG in a highly developed European country and extends available population-based survival data of BRC patients and may provide evidence of increased cancer related excess mortality, if BRC patients do not receive guideline compatible treatment.”
“Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is a highly evolved human selleck products pathogen characterized by its formidable cell wall. Many unique lipids and glycolipids from the Mtb cell wall are thought to be virulence factors that mediate host-pathogen interactions. An intriguing example is Sulfolipid-1 (SL-1), a sulfated glycolipid that has been implicated in Mtb pathogenesis, although no direct role for SL-1 in virulence has been established. Previously, we described the biochemical activity of the sulfotransferase Stf0 that initiates SL-1 biosynthesis. Here we show that a stf0-deletion mutant exhibits augmented survival in human but not murine macrophages, suggesting that SL-1 negatively regulates the intracellular growth of Mtb in a species-specific manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SL-1 plays a role in mediating the susceptibility of Mtb to a human cationic antimicrobial peptide in vitro, despite being dispensable for maintaining overall cell envelope integrity.

\n\nConclusions: Primary apposition of incisional hernias in horses without the use of mesh support appears to result in a good cosmetic outcome while avoiding the complications associated with mesh implantation in this population of horses.\n\nPotential relevance: Surgical time, duration of hospitalisation, and post operative complications may be reduced by using this technique of primary repair and

avoiding mesh implantation.”
“Neuropeptide p38 MAP Kinase pathway substance P (SP) has been implicated in inflammation, pain, depression and breast cancer cell (BCC) growth. Here, we examined the role of SP in trafficking of BCCs (human MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231BrM2 cells) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) using in vitro and in vivo models. SP was secreted from BCCs and mediated adhesion and transmigration of BCCs across human BMECs (HBMECs) in vitro. SP induced activation of HBMECs, leading to secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) from HBMECs, resulting in changes in localization and distribution of tight junction (TJ) ZO-1 (tight junction protein zonula occludins-1) Citarinostat order and claudin-5 structures as well as increased permeability of HBMECs. Using spontaneous breast cancer metastasis mouse model (syngeneic) of GFP-4T1-BrM5 mammary tumor cells administered into mammary fat pads

of Balb/c mice, SP inhibitor spantide III inhibited in vivo changes in permeability of the BBB and BMEC-TJs ZO-1 and claudin-5 structures as well as decreased tumor cell colonization in brain. Thus, Akt inhibitor ic50 SP secreted from BCCs induces transmigration of BCCs across the BBB, leading to activation of BMECs and secretion of TNF- and Ang-2, resulting in BBB impairment and colonization of tumor cells in brain. Therefore, therapies based on SP inhibition in combination with other therapies may prevent breaching of the BBB by BCCs and their colonization in brain.”
“IKK beta functions as a principal upstream activator of the canonical NF-kappa B pathway by phosphorylating I kappa B, leading to its proteasomal degradation.

Because IKK beta is considered a therapeutic target, understanding its regulation may facilitate the design of efficient regulators of this molecule. Here, we report a novel IKK beta-interacting molecule, NME1L, a splicing variant of the NME1 protein. NME1 has attracted attention in cancer research because of its antimetastatic activity and reduced expression in multiple aggressive types of cancer. However, the effect was just moderate but not dramatic in anti-cancer activities. We found that only NME1L interacts with IKK beta. Exogenous expression of NME1L resulted in a potent decrease in TNF alpha-stimulated NF-kappa B activation, whereas knockdown of NME1/NME1L with shRNA enhanced activity of NF-kappa B. NME1L down-regulates IKK beta signaling by blocking IKK beta-mediated I kappa B degradation.

Hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent in SLE as a result of avoidance of sunshine, photoprotection, renal insufficiency and the use of medications such as glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, antimalarials and

the calcineurin inhibitors, which alter the metabolism of vitamin D or downregulate the functions of the vitamin D receptor. Autophagy signaling inhibitors Low levels of vitamin D correlate with disease activity, and is associated with osteoporosis, fatigue and certain cardiovascular risk factors in SLE patients. This review updates the recent evidence on the relationship between vitamin D status and the onset, activity and complications of SLE, and summarizes the recommendations for vitamin D supplementation.”
“Material properties play AZD1152 order a significant role in pharmaceutical processing. The impact of roller compaction (RC) and tablet compression on solid fraction (SF), tensile strength (TS) and flexural modulus (FM) of Avicel DG [co-processed excipient with 75% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and 25% anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate (DCPA)], lactose and 1: 1 Mixture of the two was studied. Materials were roller compacted at different force and roller type and compressed into tablets over a range of compression pressures (CP). SF, TS and FM were determined for ribbons and tablets. Roller force

was a significant variable affecting SF while roller type was not. Both SF and TS of tablets increased with CP with Avicel DG exhibiting greater TS than that of 1: 1 Mixture while tablets of lactose had the lowest TS. The TS of tablets decreased exponentially with tablet porosity. Ribbon of Avicel DG had higher TS and lower SF than lactose and greater reworkability. This is attributed to plastic deformation of MCC resulting in high degree of bonding and fragmentation

of DCPA that fills the void spaces during tablet compression. The lack of significant increase in SF and low tablet TS for lactose upon compression is likely due to its brittle fragmentation and some elastic recovery as shown by the high FM.”
“The trigynaspid mite family Parantennulidae is reviewed and Parantennulus is re-diagnosed based on the type series in the Berlese Acaroteca. The family Parantennulidae is currently composed of five species in three known genera (Parantennulus, selleck Diplopodophilus, and Micromegistus), and along with the families of Philodanidae and Promegistidae, it constitutes the superfamily Parantennuloidea. A key to genera and species of the family based on male is provided. The type specimens of Diplopodophilus antennophoroides Willmann collected from the millipede Apfelbeckia lendenfeldi in Karst caves in western Balkan peninsula appear to have been lost. This species is in need of recollection and study.”
“Purpose: This study examined relationships between verbal abuse from nurse colleagues and demographic characteristics, work attributes, and work attitudes of early career registered nurses (RNs).

Results: Rotenone administration significantly reduced motor activity and caused a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase in SNpc of Lewis rats. The degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons was accompanied by the deposition of alpha-synuclein aggregates, autophagosomes and redistribution of cathepsin D from

lysosomes to the cytosol. In cultured PC12 cells, rotenone also induced increases in protein levels of alpha-synuclein, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II, Beclin 1, and p62. Rotenone increased lysosomal membrane permeability as evidenced by leakage of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and cathepsin D, the effects were blocked Kinase Inhibitor Library by reactive oxygen species scavenger tiron. Autophagy inducer trehalose enhanced the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB, accelerated the clearance of autophagosomes and alpha-synuclein

and attenuated rotenone-induced cell death of PC12 cells. Meanwhile, administration of trehalose to rats in drinking water (2%) decreased rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurons loss in SNpc. Conclusions: These studies indicate that the lysosomal dysfunction contributes to rotenone’s neurotoxicity and restoration of lysosomal function could be a new therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease. (C) 2014 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The constant bearing angle (CBA) strategy is a prospective strategy that permits the interception of moving objects. The purpose of the present FK228 cell line study is to test this strategy. Participants were asked to walk through a virtual environment and to change, if necessary, their walking speed so as to intercept approaching targets. The targets followed either a rectilinear or a curvilinear trajectory and target size was manipulated both within trials (target size was gradually changed during the trial in order GSK3326595 concentration to bias expansion) and between trials (targets

of different sizes were used). The curvature manipulation had a large effect on the kinematics of walking, which is in agreement with the CBA strategy. The target size manipulations also affected the kinematics of walking. Although these effects of target size are not predicted by the CBA strategy, quantitative comparisons of observed kinematics and the kinematics predicted by the CBA strategy showed good fits. Furthermore, predictions based on the CBA strategy were deemed superior to predictions based on a required velocity (V-REQ) model. The role of target size and expansion in the prospective control of walking is discussed.”
“Background and Objectives: Failure to respond to systemic chemotherapy is considered an exclusion criterion by some institutions for treatment with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). However, it is unknown if these patients benefit from HIPEC treatment.

The modified fibers underwent fast photocrosslinking under UV-irradiation as demonstrated by light absorbance and fluorescence measurements. Selleckchem IWR-1-endo Thus, our results proved that the modified fibers exhibited light-responsive properties and can potentially be used for the manufacture of smart bio-based materials. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved,”
“Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a parasitic disease endemic in many countries, and dogs present as the major natural reservoir of the parasite, Leishmania chagasi (syn. L. infantum). Biomarkers in the canine immune system is an important technique in the course of developing vaccines and treatment strategies against CVL

New methodologies for studying the immune response of dogs during Leishmania infectijon and after receiving vaccines and treatments against CVL would be useful. In this context, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)

from healthy dogs to evaluate procedures related to (i) establishment of in vitro conditions of monocytes differentiated into macrophages infected with L. chagasi and (ii) purification procedures of T-cell subsets (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) using microbeads. Our data demonstrated that after 5 days of differentiation, macrophages were able to induce significant phagocytic and microbicidal activity after L chagasi infection and also showed increased frequency of parasitism and a higher parasite load. Although N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels presented similar levels of macrophage culture and L. chagasi infection, a progressive LCL161 molecular weight decrease Quizartinib in myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels was a hallmark over 5 days of culture. High purity levels ( bigger than 90%) of CD4 and CD8 T cells were obtained on a magnetic separation column. We concluded that monocytes differentiated into macrophages at 5 days and displayed an intermediate frequency of parasitism

and parasite load 72 h after L. chagasi infection. Furthermore, the purification system using canine T-lymphocyte subsets obtained after 5 days of monocyte differentiation proved efficient for CD4 or CD8 T-cell purification ( bigger than = 90%). The in vitro analysis using L. chagasi-infected macrophages and purified T cells presented a prospective methodology that could be incorporated in CVL vaccine and treatment studies that aim to analyze the microbicidal potential induced by specific CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T cells. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Two novel asymmetrical diarylethenes with an imidazole-containing substituent have been synthesized. The two diarylethenes exhibited favorable photochromism and functioned as fluorescence switches upon alternating ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. These two compounds could also serve as highly selective ‘naked-eyes’ colorimetric sensors for Cu2+.

The separation of R and S enantiomers was achieved with a Chiracel OJ-H column operated in a normal phase mode using ethanol/hexane mobile phase components. Ionization of S-equol by negative ion electrospray generated the [M-H](-) ion whose response was augmented by post-column addition of ammonium hydroxide. A triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to measure the ion current generated from the dissociative transitions m/z 241 -> m/z 121 (S-equol) and m/z 245 -> m/z 123 (equol-d(4)). The determination of total S-equol

included an Givinostat Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor additional deconjugation step involving incubation of the sample with sulfatase and glucuronidase. Average recovery for both unconjugated and total

S-equol was 85% with no observable matrix effects. Linearity was established for unconjugated S-equol from 0.025 ng/mL to 10 ng/mL (plasma) and 0.20 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL (urine). The average coefficient of variation and accuracy per occasion was within +/- 15% of the theoretical concentration of S-equol. The method was used to measure the pharmacokinetics of S-equol in human plasma after an oral administration of a single 20 mg dose of S-equol to three normal healthy volunteers. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE To examine whether quality of care (QOC) improves when nurse practitioners and pharmacists work with family physicians in community practice and focus their work on patients who are 50 years of age and older and considered HKI-272 price to be at risk of experiencing adverse health outcomes.\n\nDESIGN Randomized controlled trial.\n\nSETTING A family health network with 8 family physicians, 5 nurses, and 11 administrative personnel serving 10 000 patients in a rural area near Ottawa, Ont.\n\nPARTICIPANTS Patients 50 years of age and older at risk of experiencing adverse health outcomes (N = 241).\n\nINTERVENTIONS At-risk patients were randomly assigned to receive usual care from their

family physicians or Anticipatory and Preventive BI 2536 mouse Team Care (APTCare) from a collaborative team composed of their physicians, 1 of 3 nurse practitioners, and a pharmacist.\n\nMAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Quality of care for chronic disease management (CDM) for diabetes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.\n\nRESULTS Controlling for baseline demographic characteristics, the APTCare approach improved CDM QOC by 9.2% (P<.001) compared with traditional care. The APTCare intervention also improved preventive care by 16.5% (P<.001). We did not observe significant differences in other secondary outcome measures (intermediate clinical outcomes, quality of life [Short-Form 36 and health-related quality of life scales], functional status [instrumental activities of daily living scale] and service usage).

LLR should be only performed in specialized centres to ensure safety and strict adherence to orthodox surgical indication. Copyright (c) 2011 S. Karger

AG, Basel”
“A polymerized film of glycine (Gly) was prepared on the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE) through the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. A novel biosensor for the determination of dopamine (DA) has been constructed based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) immobilizing on Poly (Gly)/CPE through silica AC220 datasheet sol-gel (SiSG) entrapment. CV measurements were employed in order to understand the feasibility of poly (Gly) as an electron carrier between the immobilized peroxidase and the surface of CPE. By using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) the calibration curves of DA was obtained in the range of 15-865 mu M. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of DA was found to be 6 x 10(-7) M and 2 x 10(-6) M respectively. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K-m(app)) was found to be 0.5 mM and illustrated that the good biological activity of the fixed enzyme. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results confirmed the rapid electron transfer and also the immobilization of enzyme on the electrode surface. The biosensor showed high

sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility. This selleck chemical method has been used to determine DA in the presence of various interferences and in clinical preparations. (c) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“In the quest of bright and long persistent far-red/near-infrared phosphors for in vivo optical imaging, the interest in the family of ZnGa2O4 spinel compounds doped with

Cr3+ has been aroused in the most recent years. We show that the dopant concentration plays an important role in the total persistent luminescence output of the material. ZnGa2O4 doped with 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% Cr relative to (Ga + Cr) was prepared by solid state synthesis. 0.50% Cr was found optimal to obtain the most intense persistent luminescence after matrix excitation with Acalabrutinib X-rays or localized excitation in Cr3+ absorption band with 550 nm wavelength. Up to 0.5% Cr content, persistent luminescence increases as a consequence of an increased number of Cr3+ luminescent centers and associated defects. With 0.75% Cr content, a too large number of defects locally concentrated around Cr3+ ions are detrimental to the long-term persistent luminescence intensity. We supplement long lasting phosphorescence investigation with laser excited photoluminescence and thermally stimulated luminescence results. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The transport of manufactured titanium dioxide (TiO2, rutile) nanoparticles (NP) in porous media was investigated under saturated conditions.

2%, accuracy 82%, AUC: 0.890).\n\nConclusions: Our study showed that elevated circulating ACE levels are commonly observed in CHB patients. This finding was more prominent in patients with advanced fibrosis in liver.

When evaluating a patient along with other parameters, the inclusion of ACE levels in the evaluation of CHB patients may grant additional prognostic information.”
“Ectopic pregnancy (EP) continues to be the number one GDC-0973 order cause of maternal deaths in the first trimester of pregnancy. Over the past 30 years, several key developments including accurate and rapid serum human chorionic gonadotrophin assays, the introduction of high-resolution transvaginal probes and more recently tertiary hospital Early Pregnancy Units have changed the management of EPs. Early transvaginal ultrasound diagnosis of EP not only potentially decreases mortality and surgical intervention rates, but also promotes modern management options including expectant or medical management. The aim of this review is to demonstrate that transvaginal ultrasound is the new ‘gold standard’ diagnostic Ion Channel Ligand Library concentration tool of choice for all forms of EP.”
“Vasovagal syncope (WS) is the commonest cause of syncope accounting for up to 60%

of all cases. The head-up tilt-table test (HUTT) was first described as a diagnostic test for WS in 1986 and is now in widespread use as a research and diagnostic tool. Vasovagal syncope was previously thought to be confined to younger patients but with the introduction of HUTT, it is now being diagnosed with greater frequency in the elderly. Research into the physiological changes in susceptible individuals; during HUTT has greatly increased our understanding of the pathophysiological INCB024360 inhibitor processes underlying WS; in particular, the hypotensive response during

WS is associated with sympathetic withdrawal rather than bradycardia alone. Various provocation agents, including nitrates, isoprotenerol and lower body negative pressure have been described to improve the diagnostic yield of the HUTT. Glyceryl trinitrate is now routinely administered during HUTTs. individuals with typical presentations and infrequent episodes do not require investigation with HUTT as history alone is often diagnostic. The head-up tilt-table test is, however, required with atypical features, seizure activity, occupational issues, and is more likely to be required in older patients. The practicalities of conducting the HUTT and limitations of HUTTs are also discussed.”
“AimTo examine the prevalence and correlates of mild cognitive impairment in adults aged over 50 years attending primary care centers with complaints of cognitive failure.

This clearly indicated the antibacterial activity of silver ions. As the content of organic composite antibacterial agent added to the polymer increased from 0.5% to 1.5% in 0.5% increments, amount of eluted silver www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN8237.html ions significantly increased with each 0.5% increment to exert greater antibacterial effect.”
“Human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), also referred to as TMPRSS11D, is an important physiological enzyme with the main activity pronounced in an airway. In this work we have described the substrate specificity and selectivity study of the protease, performed by the combinatorial approach. Fluorogenic/chromogenic tetrapeptide

library was used for this purpose. The most efficiently hydrolyzed substrates’ sequences that we selected were ABZ-Arg-Gln-Asp-Arg(Lys)-ANB-NH(2). The most active inhibitor with C-terminal Arg residue underwent detectable proteolysis action in the presence of 35 pM of HAT. Based on the selected sequences the two peptide aldehydes were synthesized and (Abz-Arg-Gln-Asp-Arg(Lys)-H) were found to be an effective HAT inhibitor, working in nanomolar range with inhibition constant 54 nM and

112 nM, respectively. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The ERCC1-XPF structure-specific endonuclease is necessary for correct processing of homologous recombination intermediates requiring the removal of end-blocking nonhomologies. We previously showed that targeting Fer-1 datasheet the endogenous CHO APRT locus with plasmids designed to generate such intermediates revealed defective recombination phenotypes in ERCC1 deficient cells, including suppression MDV3100 molecular weight of targeted insertion and vector correction recombinants and the generation of a novel class of aberrant recombinants through a deletogenic mechanism. In the present study,

we examined some of the mechanistic features of ERCC1-XPF in processing recombination intermediates by varying gene targeting parameters. These included altering the distance between the double-strand break (DSB) in the targeting vector and the inactivating mutation in the APRT target gene, and changing the position of the target gene mutation relative to the DSB to result in target mutations that were either upstream or downstream from the DSB. Increasing the distance from the DSB in the targeting vector to the chromosomal target gene mutation resulted in an ERCC1 dependent decrease in the efficiency of gene targeting from intermediates presenting lengthy end-blocking nonhomologies. This decrease was accompanied by a shift in the distribution of recombinant classes away from target gene conversions to targeted insertions in both wild-type and ERCC1 deficient cells, and a dramatic increase in the proportion of aberrant recombinants in ERCC1 deficient cells.

(C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Systemic sclerosis CBL0137 (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterised by widespread vascular lesions and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Cardiac involvement is recognised as a poor prognostic factor when clinically evident. Primary myocardial involvement is common in SSc. Increasing evidence strongly suggests that myocardial involvement is related to repeated focal ischaemia leading to myocardial fibrosis with irreversible lesions. Reproducible data have shown that this relates to microcirculation impairment with abnormal vasoreactivity, with or without associated structural vascular abnormalities. Consistently, atherosclerosis

and macro vascular coronary lesions do not seem to be increased in SSc. Myocardial involvement leads to abnormal systolic

and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction and right ventricular dysfunction. Sensitive and quantitative methods have demonstrated the ability of vasodilators, including calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, to improve both perfusion and function abnormalities further emphasising the critical role of microcirculation impairment. Recent quantitative methods such as tissue Doppler echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging have underlined these results.”
“In rats, hedonic ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) is a validated model of positive affect and is best elicited by rough-and-tumble EX 527 in vivo play. Here we report that modulation of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDAR) in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is involved in positive emotional learning. Rough and tumble play increased both GluN1 and GluN2B NMDAR subunit mRNA https://www.selleckchem.com/products/NVP-AUY922.html and protein levels in the frontal cortex. GLYX-13, a GluN2B-preferring,

NMDAR glycine-site partial agonist (1 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased positive emotional learning whereas the GluN2B receptor-specific antagonist, ifenprodil (10 mg/kg, i.p.), inhibited positive emotional learning. Animals selectively bred for low rates of hedonic USVs were returned to wild-type levels of positive emotional learning following GLYX-13 treatment. MPFC microinjections of GLYX-13 (0.1-10 mu g/side) significantly increased rates of positive emotional learning. Thus GluN2B-containing NMDARs may be involved in positive emotional learning in the MPFC by similar mechanisms as spatial/temporal learning in the hippocampus. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cholesterol embolism (CE) is characterized by emboli containing cholesterol crystal in the arterioles, most commonly found in the skin and the kidney. The skin presentations of CE include livedo reticularis, blue toe syndrome, ulceration and gangrene. Cutaneous reactive angiomatosis (CRA) is a recently proposed term to describe a group of reactive vascular proliferation in skin caused by various diseases.